A state is a type of artificial person known as a body politic and corporate, with the state government having the capacity to create various public corporations which serve the general interest.

   Excerpt from Edwin E. Bryant’s The Law of Pleading Under the Codes of Civil Procedure (2d ed. 1899):

     “The body of law in a State consists of two parts, substantive and adjective law.  The former prescribes those rules of civil conduct which declare the rights and duties of all who are subject to the law.  The latter relates to the remedial agencies and procedure by which rights are maintained their invasion redressed, and the methods by which such results are accomplished in judicial tribunals.“ [1]

adjective law – the body of rules governing procedure and practice (“procedural law”).

• procedure – the judicial rule or manner for carrying on a civil class suit or criminal prosecution.
• practice – the procedural methods and rules used in a court of law.

substantive law – creates, defines, and regulates the rights, duties, and powers of parties. [2]

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