{"id":9905,"date":"2017-11-28T22:39:56","date_gmt":"2017-11-28T22:39:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/reunitethestates.org\/?page_id=9905"},"modified":"2017-11-28T23:40:45","modified_gmt":"2017-11-28T23:40:45","slug":"article-iii-constitutional-courts","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/reunitethestates.org\/?page_id=9905","title":{"rendered":"Article III “Constitutional Courts” – tribunals established to handle litigation, having greater independence from the other two branches of government"},"content":{"rendered":"

CONSTITUTIONAL COURTS
\nAND LEGISLATIVE COURTS:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0The Judiciary Act of 1789 established the three levels of the federal court system<\/a> in existence today. Periodically, however, Congress has exercised its power, based on Article III and Article I of the Constitution, to create other federal courts.\u00a0 Courts established under Article III are known as constitutional courts and those created under Article I are called legislative courts<\/a>.\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Legislative courts<\/a>, unlike their constitutional counterparts, often have administrative and quasi-legislative as well as judicial duties.\u00a0 Another difference is that legislative courts<\/a> are often created for the express purpose of helping to administer a specific congressional statute.\u00a0 Constitutional courts, on the other hand, are tribunals established to handle litigation.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Finally, the constitutional and legislative courts<\/a> vary in their degree of independence from the other two branches of government.\u00a0 Article III (constitutional court) judges serve during a period of good behavior, or what amounts to life tenure.\u00a0 Because Article I (legislative court) judges have no constitutional guarantee of good-behavior tenure, Congress may set specific terms of office for them.\u00a0 In sum, the constitutional courts have a greater degree of independence from the other two branches of government than the legislative courts.\u00a0<\/strong>[1]<\/span><\/p>\n

Constitutional Courts:<\/strong><\/span>
\n“Article III Courts”<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

U.S. Supreme Court<\/span><\/span><\/a>\u00a0\u2013 located in Washington, D.C., reviews unprecedented cases and announces\u00a0Supreme Court Decisions<\/a>\u00a0which may be cited in court in order to back cases brought within other courts.\u00a0 The highest court in the United States.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

U.S. Courts of Appeal for the Federal Circuit<\/a><\/span>\u00a0\u2013 these 13 \u201ccircuit courts\u201d review cases appealed from federal district courts, and in some cases from administrative agencies.\u00a0<\/strong>\u2014 aka\u00a0circuit courts<\/em><\/strong>.<\/em>;\u00a0courts of appeals<\/em><\/strong>.<\/span><\/p>\n

U.S. Federal District Courts<\/span><\/a>\u00a0\u2013 located in every state, the District of Columbia and in four territories: Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, Guam, and the Northern Mariana Islands, and having original jurisdiction over virtually all cases.\u00a0 These \u201ctrial courts\u201d are where the factual record is established, and they\u2019re the only federal courts wherein attorneys examine and cross-examine witnesses; aka\u00a0trial courts<\/em>.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

United States Court of International Trade<\/span><\/a>\u00a0– nationwide jurisdiction over civil actions arising out of the customs and international trade laws of the U.S.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Also see Legislative Courts<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

References:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Disclaimer:<\/span><\/span><\/strong> All material throughout this website is pertinent to people everywhere, and is being utilized in accordance with Fair Use<\/a>.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

[1]: \u00a0IIP Digital website: \u201cHistory and Organization of the Federal Judicial System\u201d<\/em> (retrieved 2015): http:\/\/iipdigital.usembassy.gov\/st\/english\/publication\/2008\/05\/20080522212957eaifas0.9853327.html#axzz47w7Cx0Fp<\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

[2]: Home pages of each court’s website.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

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