{"id":7598,"date":"2017-11-09T16:16:23","date_gmt":"2017-11-09T16:16:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/reunitethestates.org\/?page_id=7598"},"modified":"2018-03-30T19:12:57","modified_gmt":"2018-03-30T19:12:57","slug":"erasure-of-sovereign-immunity-legal-defense-officers-and-lawmakers-may-be-held-accountable-for-violating-civil-rights","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/reunitethestates.org\/?page_id=7598","title":{"rendered":"Erasure of “Sovereign Immunity” Legal Defense – administrators, officers, and lawmakers may be held accountable for violating civil rights"},"content":{"rendered":"
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\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a05 USC \u00a7\u00a7 701-706 concern a citizen’s “right to review.”\u00a0 \u00a0A 1976 amendment to 5 USC \u00a7 702<\/a> [<\/strong><\/span>Pub. L. 94\u2013574] removed the defense of sovereign immunity as a bar to judicial review of Federal administrative action otherwise subject to judicial review.<\/strong> [1]\u00a0 5 USC\u00a0\u00a7 706<\/a> asserts that such defense (and other administrative actions) may be challenged as “arbitrary and capricious.”<\/strong> [2]<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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official immunity<\/span>:<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

1. A legal doctrine which declares that a government official is exempt from civil liability for injury resulting form his conduct if his action that caused the injury was within the scope of his authority and required the exercise of discretion.<\/strong> <\/span><\/p>\n

sovereign immunity<\/span>:<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

1. The principle that the government \u2014 specifically, the United States or any state of the United States \u2014 is immune from suit except when it consents to be sued, as, for EXAMPLE: through a statute such as the Federal Tort Claims Act.<\/strong> [3]<\/span><\/p>\n

1. The principle that the sovereign cannot be sued in is own courts or in any other court without its consent and permission; a principle which applies with full force to the several states fo the Union. 49 Am J1st States\u00a0\u00a7 91<\/span>.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

The <\/b><\/span>principle<\/b><\/span>\u00a0that the United States is immune from suit except where it consents thereto, as by a statue such as the Federal Tort Claims Act. 28 U.S.C.\u00a0\u00a7\u00a7 1491 et seq.; 20 Am J2d Cts\u00a0\u00a7 152<\/span>.<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

The <\/b>principle<\/b><\/span><\/span>\u00a0that a <\/b>sovereign<\/b><\/span><\/span>\u00a0state is bound to respect hte independence of every other sovereign state, so that the courts of one country will not sit in judgment on the acts of the government of another, done within its own territory. 20 Am J2d Cts\u00a0\u00a7 152<\/span>.<\/b> [4]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

1. The <\/b><\/span>principle<\/b><\/span>\u00a0that the government\u00a0\u2014 specifically, the United States or any state of the United States\u00a0\u2014 is immune from suit except when it consents to be sued, as, for EXAMPLE through a statute such as the Federal Tort Claims Act.<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>
\nSee immunity<\/em>. [5]<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 The legal defense of “sovereign immunity” is a longstanding legal defense which used to be upheld under a former doctrine known as The Divine Rite of Kings, which had become formally instituted under color of office by James of Stuart, who<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>wrote extensively on this topic.\u00a0 James claimed\u00a0that a monarch is subject to no earthly authority, deriving the right to rule directly from the will of God.\u00a0 The king is thus not subject to the will of his people, the aristocracy, or any other estate of the realm, including <\/strong>(especially in Protestant countries)<\/em><\/span> the Roman Catholic Church<\/a>. <\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0The doctrine implies that any attempt to depose the king or restrict his powers runs contrary to the will of God, & may constitute a sacrilegious\u00a0act, punishable by death.\u00a0 The remote origins of the theory are rooted in the ancient idea that God had bestowed earthly power on the king, just as God had given spiritual power & authority to the church\u2014 centering on the pope.\u00a0\u00a0The immediate author of the theory was French jurist & political philosopher Jean Bodin <\/strong>(1530\u20131596)<\/em>, a member of the Parliament of Paris & professor of law in Toulouse, who is well-known for interpreting Roman law<\/a>.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0The Scots’ textbooks of <\/a>the divine right of kings were written in 1597\u201398 by James VI & I before his accession to the English throne.\u00a0 In his\u00a0Basilikon Doron, a manual on \u201dthe powers of a king, who inherits from the God the burden of government, whereof he must be countable\u201d he wrote:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 <\/span>\u00a0 \u00a0\u201c<\/span>The state of monarchy is the supremest thing upon earth, for kings are not only God’s lieutenants upon earth & sit upon God’s throne, but even by God himself they are called gods. There be three principal [comparisons] that illustrate the state of monarchy… In the Scriptures kings are called gods, & so their power after a certain relation compared to the Divine power. Kings are also compared to fathers of families; for a king is truly parens patriae [parent of the country], the politic father of his people.\u00a0 And lastly, kings are compared to the head of this microcosm of the body of man.\u201d<\/span><\/em><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<\/span>Kings<\/span> are justly called gods, for that they exercise a manner or resemblance of divine power upon earth: for if you will consider the attributes to God, you shall see how they agree in the person of a king. God hath power to create or destroy, make or unmake at his pleasure, to give life or send death, to judge all & to be judged nor accountable to none; to raise low things & to make high things low at his pleasure, & to God are both souls & body due. And the like power have kings: they make & unmake their subjects, they have power of raising & casting down, of life & of death, judges over all their subjects & in all causes & yet accountable to none but God only…<\/span><\/strong><\/em><\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0I conclude then this point touching the power of kings with this axiom of divinity, that as to dispute what God may do is blasphemy\u2014 so is it sedition (an insurrectionary movement tending towards treason) in subjects to dispute what a king may do in the height of his power. But just kings will ever be willing to declare what they will do, if they will not incur the curse of God. I will not be content that my power be disputed upon; but I shall ever be willing to make the reason appear of all my doings, & rule my actions according to my laws… I would wish you to be careful to avoid three things in the matter of grievances:<\/span><\/strong><\/em><\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 First, that you do not meddle with the main points of government; that is my craft… to meddle with that were to lesson me… I must not be taught my office.<\/span><\/strong><\/em><\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Secondly, I would not have you meddle with such ancient rights of mine as I have received from my predecessors. All novelties are dangerous as well in a politic as in a natural body. & therefore I would be loath to be quarreled in my ancient rights & possessions, for that were to judge me unworthy of that which my predecessors had & left me.<\/span><\/strong><\/em><\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 And lastly, I pray you beware to exhibit for grievance anything that is established by a settled law. You know I will never give a plausible answer; for it is an undutiful part in subjects to press their king, wherein they know beforehand.<\/span>“<\/span><\/strong><\/em><\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0James’ assertion that the only authority over him was God \u2013 & sometimes rather bizarre \u2013 for instance, his order that the lower classes should not be allowed to play bowls (\u201c<\/span>boccie ball<\/a>\u201d & other yard games). He warned against the dangers of passive smoking, cultivating friendships with Spaniards, & he also called for the protection of forests.<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

James of Scots became Rightly Challenged by John of Locke and Thomas Paine:<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 Excerpt from<\/span> Paine<\/a>‘s famous pamphlet called<\/span>\u00a0Common Sense<\/a>\u00a0circulated throughout the Colonies from 1775-1776, thus helping to ignite<\/span> The American Revolution<\/a>:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0“Mankind being originally\u00a0equals\u00a0in the order of creation, the equality could only be destroyed by some subsequent circumstance; the distinctions of rich-\u00a0and poor. \u00a0Oppression is often the\u00a0consequence… of riches.<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Male & female are the distinctions of nature,\u00a0good & bad\u00a0the distinctions of heaven; but how a race of men came into the world so exalted above the rest, & distinguished like some new species-\u00a0is worth investigating, & whether they are the means of happiness or of the misery to mankind… the evils of hereditary succession…<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Men who look upon themselves\u00a0born to reign,\u00a0& others to obey, soon grow insolent\u00a0(showing rude & arrogant lack of respect)…\u00a0their minds are early poisoned by importance… when they succeed to the government they are frequently the most ignorant & unfit of any throughout the dominions.<\/span>“<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

United States Code<\/strong><\/span>
\n Title\u00a05 – GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATION AND EMPLOYEES
\n<\/span>PART I – THE AGENCIES GENERALLY
\n<\/span>CHAPTER 7 – JUDICIAL\u00a0REVIEW<\/span><\/strong><\/span>
\n \u00a7\u00a0706. Scope of review<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 To the extent necessary to decision and when presented, the reviewing court shall decide all relevant questions\u00a0of law, interpret constitutional and statutory provisions, and determine the meaning or applicability\u00a0of\u00a0the terms\u00a0of\u00a0an agency action. The reviewing court shall-<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

(1) compel agency action unlawfully withheld or unreasonably delayed; and<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

(2) hold unlawful and set aside agency action, findings, and conclusions found to be-<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

(A) arbitrary, capricious, an abuse\u00a0of\u00a0discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law;<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

(B) contrary to constitutional right, power, privilege, or immunity;<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

(C) in excess\u00a0of\u00a0statutory jurisdiction, authority, or limitations, or short\u00a0of\u00a0statutory right;<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

(D) without observance\u00a0of\u00a0procedure required by law;<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

(E) unsupported by substantial evidence in a case subject to\u00a0sections 556 and 557\u00a0of\u00a0this title<\/span>\u00a0or otherwise reviewed on the record\u00a0of\u00a0an agency hearing provided by statute; or<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

(F) unwarranted by the facts to the extent that the facts are subject to trial de novo by the reviewing court.<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

In making the foregoing determinations, the court shall\u00a0review\u00a0the whole record or those parts\u00a0of\u00a0it cited by a party, and due account shall be taken\u00a0of\u00a0the rule\u00a0of\u00a0prejudicial error.<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Lawmaking bodies and executives may be held accountable for instituting Illegal laws “that put officers and civilians in harm’s way.”<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Officers may be arrested, “Due Process” demanded, and justice may be obtained as a result of<\/span> color of law crimes<\/a>.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0See Civil Proceedings (Torts) Pro Se Self-Help<\/a> for details.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

References:<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

[1]:\u00a0\u00a0Ballantine’s Law Dictionary <\/a>Legal Assistant Edition<\/a><\/em>
\nby Jack Ballantine\u00a0(James Arthur 1871-1949).\u00a0\u00a0<\/em>Doctored<\/a>\u00a0<\/em>by\u00a0Jack G. Handler,\u00a0J.D.<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 1994 Delmar by Thomson Learning.\u00a0 ISBN 0-8273-4874-6.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

[2]:\u00a0\u00a0A speech to parliament (1610).<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

[3]: Portrait of James Stuart attributed to John de Critz, c. 1606<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

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