{"id":2191,"date":"2014-09-13T22:42:17","date_gmt":"2014-09-13T22:42:17","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/ourlandstoo.org\/?page_id=2191"},"modified":"2023-04-22T05:02:49","modified_gmt":"2023-04-22T05:02:49","slug":"copyrighted-materials-may-be-used-to-convey-more-clearly","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/reunitethestates.org\/?page_id=2191","title":{"rendered":"“Fair Use”; Copyrighted Materials May Be Used “To Clarify Something” or for Educational Purposes"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<\/span><\/strong><\/span>The First Amendment protects\u00a0political actions\u00a0<\/em>such as\u00a0proposing\u00a0publicly-beneficial (see Preamble<\/a>) <\/em>national plans<\/a>, and\u00a0other forms of First Amendment activity<\/a>.\u00a0<\/em><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u201cThat is why our press was protected by the First Amendment\u00a0\u2014 the only business in America specifically protected by the Constitution\u00a0\u2014 not primarily to amuse and entertain, not to emphasize the trivial and the sentimental, not to simply \u2018give the public what it wants\u2019- but to inform, to arouse, to reflect, to state our dangers and our opportunities, to indicate our crises and our choices, to lead, mold, educate and sometimes even anger public opinion.<\/span>\u201c<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u2013 35th President of the United States of America, John F. Kennedy –\u00a0Address “The President and the Press”\u00a0 Before the American Newspaper Publishers Association, New York City.\u00a0<\/span>April 27, 1961<\/span>\u00a0<\/strong>[1]<\/span><\/p>\n

\"Fair<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Fair use is a longstanding and vital aspect of American copyright law.\u00a0 Fair use is a judge-created doctrine<\/a> dating back to the nineteenth century and codified in the 1976 Copyright Act.\u00a0<\/strong>[2]\u00a0<\/strong>\u00a0The U.S. Copyright Office has made available an index for finding judicial determinations pertaining to Fair Use, available\u00a0here<\/em>:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

www.copyright.gov\/fls\/fl102.html<\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Quote from Thomas Jefferson in a letter to Isaac McPherson<\/a> <\/em>(13 Aug. 1813):\u00a0<\/strong>[3]<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

United States Code, 2010 Edition\u00a0(accessed 11-10-2017)<\/em><\/strong><\/span>
\nTitle 17 – COPYRIGHTS<\/strong><\/span>
\nCHAPTER 1 – SUBJECT MATTER AND SCOPE OF COPYRIGHT<\/strong><\/span>
\nSec. 107 – Limitations on exclusive rights: Fair use<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a7\u00a0706. Scope of review<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0To the extent necessary to decision and when presented, the reviewing court shall decide all relevant questions\u00a0of law, interpret constitutional and statutory provisions, and determine the meaning or applicability\u00a0of\u00a0the terms\u00a0of\u00a0an agency action.\u00a0 The reviewing court shall-<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

(1) compel agency action unlawfully withheld or unreasonably delayed; and<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

(2) hold unlawful and set aside agency action, findings, and conclusions found to be-<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

(A) arbitrary, capricious, an abuse\u00a0of\u00a0discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law;<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

(B) contrary to constitutional right, power, privilege, or immunity;<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

(C) in excess\u00a0of\u00a0statutory jurisdiction, authority, or limitations, or short\u00a0of\u00a0statutory right;<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

(D) without observance\u00a0of\u00a0procedure required by law;<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

(E) unsupported by substantial evidence in a case subject to\u00a0sections 556 and 557\u00a0of\u00a0this title<\/span>\u00a0or otherwise reviewed on the record\u00a0of\u00a0an agency hearing provided by statute; or<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

(F) unwarranted by the facts to the extent that the facts are subject to trial de novo by the reviewing court.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0In making the foregoing determinations, the court shall\u00a0review\u00a0the whole record or those parts\u00a0of\u00a0it cited by a party, and due account shall be taken\u00a0of\u00a0the rule\u00a0of\u00a0prejudicial error.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

(\u00a0Pub. L. 89\u2013554,\u00a0Sept. 6, 1966,\u00a080 Stat. 393\u00a0<\/a>.) [4]<\/span><\/p>\n

United States Code, 2010 Edition<\/span><\/strong><\/span>
\nTitle 17 – COPYRIGHTS<\/span><\/strong><\/span>
\nCHAPTER 1 – SUBJECT MATTER AND SCOPE OF COPYRIGHT<\/span><\/strong><\/span>
\nSec. 110 – Limitations on exclusive rights: Exemption of certain performances and displays<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a7110. Limitations on exclusive rights: Exemption of certain performances and displays<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Notwithstanding the provisions of section 106, the following are not infringements of copyright:<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

(1) performance or display of a work by instructors or pupils in the course of face-to-face teaching activities of a nonprofit educational institution, in a classroom or similar place devoted to instruction, unless, in the case of a motion picture or other audiovisual work, the performance, or the display of individual images, is given by means of a copy that was not lawfully made under this title, and that the person responsible for the performance knew or had reason to believe was not lawfully made;<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

(2) except with respect to a work produced or marketed primarily for performance or display as part of mediated instructional activities transmitted via digital networks, or a performance or display that is given by means of a copy or phonorecord that is not lawfully made and acquired under this title, and the transmitting government body or accredited nonprofit educational institution knew or had reason to believe was not lawfully made and acquired, the performance of a nondramatic literary or musical work or reasonable and limited portions of any other work, or display of a work in an amount comparable to that which is typically displayed in the course of a live classroom session, by or in the course of a transmission, if\u2014<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

(A) the performance or display is made by, at the direction of, or under the actual supervision of an instructor as an integral part of a class session offered as a regular part of the systematic mediated instructional activities of a governmental body or an accredited nonprofit educational institution;<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

(B) the performance or display is directly related and of material assistance to the teaching content of the transmission;<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

(C) the transmission is made solely for, and, to the extent technologically feasible, the reception of such transmission is limited to\u2014<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

(i) students officially enrolled in the course for which the transmission is made; or<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

(ii) officers or employees of governmental bodies as a part of their official duties or employment; and<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

(D) the transmitting body or institution\u2014<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

(i) institutes policies regarding copyright, provides informational materials to faculty, students, and relevant staff members that accurately describe, and promote compliance with, the laws of the United States relating to copyright, and provides notice to students that materials used in connection with the course may be subject to copyright protection; and<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

(ii) in the case of digital transmissions\u2014<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

(I) applies technological measures that reasonably prevent\u2014<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

(aa) retention of the work in accessible form by recipients of the transmission from the transmitting body or institution for longer than the class session; and<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

(bb) unauthorized further dissemination of the work in accessible form by such recipients to others; and<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

(II) does not engage in conduct that could reasonably be expected to interfere with technological measures used by copyright owners to prevent such retention or unauthorized further dissemination;<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

(3) performance of a nondramatic literary or musical work or of a dramatico-musical work of a religious nature, or display of a work, in\u00a0the course of services at a place of worship or other religious assembly;<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

(4) performance of a nondramatic literary or musical work otherwise than in a transmission to the public, without any purpose of direct or indirect commercial advantage and without payment of any fee or other compensation for the performance to any of its performers, promoters, or organizers, if\u2014<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

(A) there is no direct or indirect admission charge; or<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

(B) the proceeds, after deducting the reasonable costs of producing the performance, are used exclusively for educational, religious, or charitable purposes and not for private financial gain, except where the copyright owner has served notice of objection to the performance under the following conditions:<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

(i) the notice shall be in writing and signed by the copyright owner or such owner’s duly authorized agent; and<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

(ii) the notice shall be served on the person responsible for the performance at least seven days before the date of the performance, and shall state the reasons for the objection; and<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

(iii) the notice shall comply, in form, content, and manner of service, with requirements that the Register of Copyrights shall prescribe by regulation;<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

(5)(A) except as provided in subparagraph (B), communication of a transmission embodying a performance or display of a work by the public reception of the transmission on a single receiving apparatus of a kind commonly used in private homes, unless\u2014<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

(i) a direct charge is made to see or hear the transmission; or<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

(ii) the transmission thus received is further transmitted to the public;<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

(B) communication by an establishment of a transmission or retransmission embodying a performance or display of a nondramatic musical work intended to be received by the general public, originated by a radio or television broadcast station licensed as such by the Federal Communications Commission, or, if an audiovisual transmission, by a cable system or satellite carrier, if\u2014<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

(i) in the case of an establishment other than a food service or drinking establishment, either the establishment in which the communication occurs has less than 2,000 gross square feet of space (excluding space used for customer parking and for no other purpose), or the establishment in which the communication occurs has 2,000 or more gross square feet of space (excluding space used for customer parking and for no other purpose) and\u2014<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

(I) if the performance is by audio means only, the performance is communicated by means of a total of not more than 6 loudspeakers, of which not more than 4 loudspeakers are located in any 1 room or adjoining outdoor space; or<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

(II) if the performance or display is by audiovisual means, any visual portion of the performance or display is communicated by means of a total of not more than 4 audiovisual devices, of which not more than 1 audiovisual device is located in any 1 room, and no such audiovisual device has a diagonal screen size greater than 55 inches, and any audio portion of the performance or display is communicated by means of a total of not more than 6 loudspeakers, of which not more than 4 loudspeakers are located in any 1 room or adjoining outdoor space;<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

(ii) in the case of a food service or drinking establishment, either the establishment in which the communication occurs has less than 3,750 gross square feet of space (excluding space used for customer parking and for no other purpose), or the establishment in which the communication occurs has 3,750 gross square feet of space or more (excluding space used for customer parking and for no other purpose) and\u2014<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

(I) if the performance is by audio means only, the performance is communicated by means of a total of not more than 6 loudspeakers, of which not more than 4 loudspeakers are located in any 1 room or adjoining outdoor space; or<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

(II) if the performance or display is by audiovisual means, any visual portion of the performance or display is communicated by means of a total of not more than 4 audiovisual devices, of which not more than one audiovisual device is located in any 1 room, and no such audiovisual device has a diagonal screen size greater than 55 inches, and any audio portion of the performance or display is communicated by means of a total of not more than 6 loudspeakers, of which not more than 4 loudspeakers are located in any 1 room or adjoining outdoor space;<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

(iii) no direct charge is made to see or hear the transmission or retransmission;<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

(iv) the transmission or retransmission is not further transmitted beyond the establishment where it is received; and<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

(v) the transmission or retransmission is licensed by the copyright owner of the work so publicly performed or displayed;<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

(6) performance of a nondramatic musical work by a governmental body or a nonprofit agricultural or horticultural organization, in the course of an annual agricultural or horticultural fair or exhibition conducted by such body or organization; the exemption provided by this clause shall extend to any liability for copyright infringement that would otherwise be imposed on such body or organization, under doctrines of vicarious liability or related infringement, for a performance by a concessionnaire,1<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0business establishment, or other person at such fair or exhibition, but shall not excuse any such person from liability for the performance;<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

(7) performance of a nondramatic musical work by a vending establishment open to the public at large without any direct or indirect admission charge, where the sole purpose of\u00a0the performance is to promote the retail sale of copies or phonorecords of the work, or of the audiovisual or other devices utilized in such performance, and the performance is not transmitted beyond the place where the establishment is located and is within the immediate area where the sale is occurring;<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

(8) performance of a nondramatic literary work, by or in the course of a transmission specifically designed for and primarily directed to blind or other handicapped persons who are unable to read normal printed material as a result of their handicap, or deaf or other handicapped persons who are unable to hear the aural signals accompanying a transmission of visual signals, if the performance is made without any purpose of direct or indirect commercial advantage and its transmission is made through the facilities of: (i) a governmental body; or (ii) a noncommercial educational broadcast station (as defined in section 397 of title 47); or (iii) a radio subcarrier authorization (as defined in 47 CFR 73.293\u201373.295 and 73.593\u201373.595); or (iv) a cable system (as defined in section 111(f));<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

(9) performance on a single occasion of a dramatic literary work published at least ten years before the date of the performance, by or in the course of a transmission specifically designed for and primarily directed to blind or other handicapped persons who are unable to read normal printed material as a result of their handicap, if the performance is made without any purpose of direct or indirect commercial advantage and its transmission is made through the facilities of a radio subcarrier authorization referred to in clause (8)(iii),\u00a0Provided<\/em>, That the provisions of this clause shall not be applicable to more than one performance of the same work by the same performers or under the auspices of the same organization;<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

(10) notwithstanding paragraph (4), the following is not an infringement of copyright: performance of a nondramatic literary or musical work in the course of a social function which is organized and promoted by a nonprofit veterans\u2019 organization or a nonprofit fraternal organization to which the general public is not invited, but not including the invitees of the organizations, if the proceeds from the performance, after deducting the reasonable costs of producing the performance, are used exclusively for charitable purposes and not for financial gain. For purposes of this section the social functions of any college or university fraternity or sorority shall not be included unless the social function is held solely to raise funds for a specific charitable purpose; and<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

(11) the making imperceptible, by or at the direction of a member of a private household, of limited portions of audio or video content of a motion picture, during a performance in or transmitted to that household for private home viewing, from an authorized copy of the motion picture, or the creation or provision of a computer program or other technology that enables such making imperceptible and that is designed and marketed to be used, at the direction of a member of a private household, for such making imperceptible, if no fixed copy of the altered version of the motion picture is created by such computer program or other technology.<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0The exemptions provided under paragraph (5) shall not be taken into account in any administrative, judicial, or other governmental proceeding to set or adjust the royalties payable to copyright owners for the public performance or display of their works. Royalties payable to copyright owners for any public performance or display of their works other than such performances or displays as are exempted under paragraph (5) shall not be diminished in any respect as a result of such exemption.<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0In paragraph (2), the term \u201cmediated instructional activities\u201d with respect to the performance or display of a work by digital transmission under this section refers to activities that use such work as an integral part of the class experience, controlled by or under the actual supervision of the instructor and analogous to the type of performance or display that would take place in a live classroom setting. The term does not refer to activities that use, in 1 or more class sessions of a single course, such works as textbooks, course packs, or other material in any media, copies or phonorecords of which are typically purchased or acquired by the students in higher education for their independent use and retention or are typically purchased or acquired for elementary and secondary students for their possession and independent use.<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

For purposes of paragraph (2), accreditation\u2014<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

(A) with respect to an institution providing post-secondary education, shall be as determined by a regional or national accrediting agency recognized by the Council on Higher Education Accreditation or the United States Department of Education; and<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

(B) with respect to an institution providing elementary or secondary education, shall be as recognized by the applicable state certification or licensing procedures.<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0For purposes of paragraph (2), no governmental body or accredited nonprofit educational institution shall be liable for infringement by reason of the transient or temporary storage of material carried out through the automatic technical process of a digital transmission of the performance or display of that material as authorized under paragraph (2). No such material stored on the system or network controlled or operated by the transmitting body or institution under this paragraph shall be maintained on such system or network in a manner ordinarily accessible to anyone other than anticipated recipients. No such copy shall be maintained on the system or network in a manner ordinarily accessible to such anticipated recipients for a longer period than is reasonably necessary to facilitate the transmissions for which it was made.<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0For purposes of paragraph (11), the term \u201cmaking imperceptible\u201d does not include the addition of audio or video content that is performed or displayed over or in place of existing content in a motion picture.<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Nothing in paragraph (11) shall be construed to imply further rights under section 106 of this title, or to have any effect on defenses or limitations on rights granted under any other section of this title or under any other paragraph of this section.<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

(Pub. L. 94\u2013553, title I, \u00a7101, Oct. 19, 1976, 90 Stat. 2549; Pub. L. 97\u2013366, \u00a73, Oct. 25, 1982, 96 Stat. 1759; Pub. L. 105\u201380, \u00a712(a)(6), Nov. 13, 1997, 111 Stat. 1534; Pub. L. 105\u2013298, title II, \u00a7202, Oct. 27, 1998, 112 Stat. 2830; Pub. L. 106\u201344, \u00a71(a), Aug. 5, 1999, 113 Stat. 221; Pub. L. 107\u2013273, div. C, title III, \u00a7\u00a713210(6), 13301(b), Nov. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 1909, 1910; Pub. L. 109\u20139, title II, \u00a7202(a), Apr. 27, 2005, 119 Stat. 223.) [5]<\/span><\/p>\n

References:<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

[1]: Quote by JFK as recorded by The American Presidency Project: “153\u00a0–\u00a0Address ‘The President and the Press” Before the American Newspaper Publishers Association, New York City.\u00a0<\/span>April 27, 1961″:\u00a0http:\/\/www.presidency.ucsb.edu\/ws\/?pid=8093<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

[2]: U.S. Copyright Office official website:\u00a0http:\/\/www.copyright.gov\/fls\/fl102.html<\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

[3]: U.S. House of Representatives’ Office of Law Revision Counsel, “(citation: 5\u00a0USC\u00a0706\u00a0:\u00a0Scope of review”:\u00a0http:\/\/uscode.house.gov\/view.xhtml?req=5+U.S.+Code+%A7+706+-+Scope+of+review&f=treesort&fq=true&num=0&hl=true&edition=prelim&granuleId=USC-prelim-title5-section706<\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

[4]: Government Publishing Office, “United States Code, 2010 Edition\u00a0<\/strong><\/span>Title 17 – COPYRIGHTS –\u00a0<\/strong><\/span>CHAPTER 1 – SUBJECT MATTER AND SCOPE OF COPYRIGHT<\/strong><\/span>
\nSec. 110 – Limitations on exclusive rights: Exemption of certain performances and displays”: https:\/\/www.gpo.gov\/fdsys\/pkg\/USCODE-2010-title17\/html\/USCODE-2010-title17-chap1-sec110.htm<\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

[5]: Quote from Thomas Jefferson in a letter to Isaac McPherson (13 Aug. 1813).\u00a0 Document 12.\u00a0\u00a0Article 1, Section 8, Clause 8\u00a0Writings 13:333–35″.\u00a0 Preserved on The Founders’ Constitution (Edited by Philip B. Kurland and Ralph Lerner)<\/i>:\u00a0http:\/\/press-pubs.uchicago.edu\/founders\/documents\/a1_8_8s12.html<\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

******************************************<\/span><\/p>\n

\n

\n<\/div>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0The First Amendment protects\u00a0political actions\u00a0such as\u00a0proposing\u00a0publicly-beneficial (see Preamble) national plans, and\u00a0other forms of First Amendment activity.\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u201cThat is why our press was protected by the First Amendment\u00a0\u2014 the only business in America specifically protected by the Constitution\u00a0\u2014 not primarily to amuse and entertain, not to emphasize the trivial and the sentimental, … Continue reading “Fair Use”; Copyrighted Materials May Be Used “To Clarify Something” or for Educational Purposes<\/span> →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":2038,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2191","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/reunitethestates.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2191","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/reunitethestates.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/reunitethestates.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/reunitethestates.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/reunitethestates.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=2191"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/reunitethestates.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2191\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":18651,"href":"https:\/\/reunitethestates.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2191\/revisions\/18651"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/reunitethestates.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2038"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/reunitethestates.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=2191"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}