{"id":17569,"date":"2023-01-27T20:45:50","date_gmt":"2023-01-27T20:45:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/reunitethestates.org\/?page_id=17569"},"modified":"2023-01-28T03:11:32","modified_gmt":"2023-01-28T03:11:32","slug":"17569-2","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/reunitethestates.org\/?page_id=17569","title":{"rendered":"consideration &#8211; something of value to someone else (may be tangible or intangible) which motivates someone else to do something"},"content":{"rendered":"<div dir=\"auto\">\n<div><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 This page is continued from <a href=\"https:\/\/reunitethestates.org\/?page_id=10714\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Civil Law Self-Help<\/a> &gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; <a href=\"https:\/\/reunitethestates.org\/?page_id=11519\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u00a7 3 &#8211; Which form(s) of relief are you seeking to help remedy the situation?<\/a> &gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; <a href=\"https:\/\/reunitethestates.org\/?page_id=11644\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Legal Terms re: Types of Remedies:<\/a> &gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; <a href=\"https:\/\/reunitethestates.org\/?page_id=11648\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Remedy<\/a> &gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; <a href=\"https:\/\/reunitethestates.org\/?page_id=16705\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Estoppel<\/a> &gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; <a href=\"https:\/\/reunitethestates.org\/?page_id=17509\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Promissory Estoppel<\/a>:<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">****************************<\/span><\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ff00ff;\">consideration<\/span>:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\"><\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong>1. Something (such as an act, forbearance, or a return promise) bargained for and received by a promisor from a promisee; that which motivates a person to do something, esp. to engage in a legal act.\u00a0 *\u00a0 Consideration, or a substitute such as promissory estoppel, is necessary for an agreement to be enforceable. <\/strong>See <em>Restatement (Second) of Contracts \u00a7 81 (1979)<\/em>.[1]<\/span><\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\"><\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\">\n<div dir=\"auto\" data-event-added=\"1\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">1. An essential of a valid and enforceable contract. <span style=\"color: #800000;\">17 Am J2d Contr \u00a7 86<\/span>; a matter of contract, something within the contemplation of the parties to the contract. <span style=\"color: #800000;\"><em>Van Houten v Van Houten<\/em>, 202 Towa 1085, <\/span><span class=\"HQEo7\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\" data-markjs=\"true\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\">209 NW 293<\/span>; the price &#8211; bargained and paid for a promise, in<\/span> other words, something given in exchange for the promise. <span style=\"color: #800000;\">17 Am J2d Contr \u00a7 85<\/span>; a benefit to the promisor or\u00a0 a loss or detriment to the promisee. <span style=\"color: #800000;\">Test v Heaber| lin, 254 Towa 521, 118 NW2d 73; 11 Am J2d Ba N \u00a7 216<\/span>; some right, interest, profit, or benefit accruing to one party to a contract, or some forbearance, detriment, loss, or responsibility giver, | suffered or undertaken by the other. <span style=\"color: #800000;\">17 Am Jd <\/span><\/span><\/strong><strong><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\">Contr $85;<\/span> <span style=\"color: #800000;\">11 Am J2d B &amp; N \u00a7 216<\/span>; an act or a forbearance, the creation, modification, of destruction of @ legal relation, of a return promise bar-\/ gained for and given in exchange for a promise. <span style=\"color: #800000;\">17 Am J2d Contr \u00a7 85<\/span>.<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"> [2]<\/span><strong><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><\/strong><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\"><\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">1. Something (as an act or forbearance or the promise thereof) done or given by one party for <\/span><\/strong><strong><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">the act or promise of another.\u00a0 <\/span><\/strong><strong><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Except in Louisiana, consideration is a necessary element to the creation of a contract. The consideration must result from bargaining by the parties, and must be the thing that induces the mutual promises. <\/span><\/strong><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">[3]<\/span><strong><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><\/strong><\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\"><\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\">\n<div dir=\"auto\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\"><\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u201c<span style=\"color: #800000;\">A \u2018consideration\u2019 has been explained to be \u2018any act of the plaintiff from which the defendant, or a stranger, derives benefit or advantage, or any labour, detriment, or inconvenience sustained by the plaintiff, however small the detriment or inconvenience may be, if such act is performed or inconvenience suffered by the plaintiff with the assent, express or implied, of the defendant, or, in the language of pleading, at the special instance and request of the defendant.<\/span>\u2019\u201d Thomas E. Holland, The Elements of Jurisprudence 286 (13th ed. 1924). <\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\"><\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <span style=\"color: #800000;\">\u201cA consideration in its widest sense is the reason, motive, or inducement, by which a man is moved to bind himset by an agreement. It is not for nothing that he consents to impose an obligation upon himself, or to abandon o transfer a right. It is in consideration of such and such a fact that he agrees to bear new burdens or to forgo the benefits which the law already allows him.<\/span>\u201d John Salmond, Jurisprudence 359 (Glanville L. Williams ed., 10th ed. 1947). <\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong>\u00a0 <\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u201c<span style=\"color: #800000;\">The word \u2018consideration\u2019 has been around for a long time, so it is tempting to think we have had a theory of consideration for a long time. In fact until the nineteenth century\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"color: #800000;\"><strong>the word never acquired any particular meaning or stood\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><strong><span style=\"color: #800000;\">for any theory.<\/span>\u201d Grant Gilmore, The Death of Contract 18 (1974).\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\"><\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u201ci<span style=\"color: #800000;\">n the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries the word\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"color: #800000;\"><strong>\u2018consideration\u2019 was very familiar to lawyers, and althou <\/strong><\/span><span style=\"color: #800000;\"><strong>it had not yet acquired a special legal meaning (and indeed\u00a0 <\/strong><\/span><span style=\"color: #800000;\"><strong>was not to do so during the period under discussion) it had\u00a0 <\/strong><\/span><span style=\"color: #800000;\"><strong>already begun to develop legal associations. MoST commonly\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><span style=\"color: #800000;\"><strong>it was used in statutes. &#8230; in the statutes of Henry vV&#8217;\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><span style=\"color: #800000;\"><strong>it became quite common for the draftsman, after he had\u00a0 <\/strong><\/span><strong><span style=\"color: #800000;\">rehearsed the circumstances to introduce the enacting part with a clause in the following (or similar) form: \u2018The King, considering the premisses, of the Assent and Request aforesaid, hath ordained and established &#8230; .\u2019 In the course of time the matters which were considered, and to which consideration was given, came themselves to be called \u2018the considerations.\u2019 [By the late 15th century] the considerations were the matters considered; they were the factors which Parliament or the King was supposed to have had in mind in legislating, and which moved or motivated the enactment. Loosely the word could be treated as synonymous with \u2018cause,\u2019 and both in statutes and elsewhere causes and considerations were often mentioned in the same breath. But \u2018cause\u2019 does not mean exactly the same thing as \u2018consideration\u2019; it lacks the suggestion of what was in the mind, what was considered, what motivated.<\/span>\u201d A.W.B. Simpson, Legal Theory and Legal History 332 (1987).\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\"><\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 18pt; color: #993300;\">Various forms of consideration:<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\"><\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><span style=\"color: #ff00ff;\">adequate consideration<\/span> &#8211;<\/span> (17c) Consideration that is fair and reasonable under the circumstances of the agreement. Cf. sufficient consideration.\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\"><\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong>\u201c<span style=\"color: #800000;\">Although courts have not lost the habit of speaking of an \u2018adequate,\u2019 a \u2018sufficient,\u2019 or a \u2018valuable\u2019 consideration, the bargain test as epitomized in the Restatement imposes no\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><strong><span style=\"color: #800000;\"> such additional requirement<\/span>.\u201d E. Allan Farnsworth, Contracts \u00a7 2.11, at 69-70 (3d ed. 1999).\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\"><\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\"><\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\"><\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><span style=\"color: #ff00ff;\">concurrent consideration<\/span> &#8211;<\/span> (1847) Consideration arising at the same time as other consideration, or where the promises are simultaneous. &gt; continuing consideration. An act or performance extending over time. \u00bb due consideration. 1. See DUE CONSIDERATION. 2. See sufficient consideration. &gt;\u00bb executed consideration. (18c) A consideration that has been wholly given; past consideration as opposed to present or future consideration. <\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\"><\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><span style=\"color: #ff00ff;\">executory consideration<\/span> &#8211;<\/span> (18c) A consideration that is to be given only after formation of the contract; present or future consideration as opposed to past consideration. &gt; express consideration. (17c) Consideration that is specifically stated in an instrument.\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\"><\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><span style=\"color: #ff00ff;\">fair consideration<\/span> &#8211;<\/span> (18c) 1. Consideration that is roughly equal in value to the thing being exchanged; consideration given for property or for an obligation in either of the following circumstances: (1) when given in good faith as an exchange for the property or obligation, or (2) when the property or obligation is received in good faith to secure a present advance or prior debt inan amount not disproportionately small as compared with the value of the property or obligation obtained. \u2014 <\/strong>Also termed <strong><span style=\"color: #800000;\"><em>fair and valuable consideration<\/em><\/span>. 2. Con<\/strong><strong>sideration that is honest, reasonable, and free from\u00a0 <\/strong><strong>suspicion, but not strictly adequate or full. <\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\"><\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><span style=\"color: #ff00ff;\">future consideration<\/span> &#8211;<\/span> (1979) 1. Consideration to be given in the future; esp., consideration that is due after <\/strong><strong>the other party&#8217;s performance. 2. Consideration that is a series of performances, some of which will occur after the other party&#8217;s performance. 3. Consideration the specitics of which have not been agreed on between the parties. Cf. past consideration.\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\"><\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><span style=\"color: #ff00ff;\">good consideration<\/span> &#8211;<\/span> (18c) 1. Consideration based on natural love or affection or on moral duty &lt;good consideration, being based purely on affection, does not amount to valuable consideration&gt;. e Such consideration is usu. not valid for the enforcement of a contract. \u2014 <\/strong>Also termed<strong><em><span style=\"color: #800000;\"> meritorious consideration<\/span><\/em><\/strong>; <strong><em><span style=\"color: #800000;\">moral consideration<\/span><\/em><\/strong>.\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\"><\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong>\u201c<span style=\"color: #800000;\">A good consideration is that of blood, or the natural love and affection which a person has to his children, or any of his relatives. . . . A good consideration is not of itself sufficient to support a promise, any more than the moral obligation which arises from a man\u2019s passing his word; neither will the two together make a binding contract; thus a promise by a father to make a gift to his child will not be enforced against him. The consideration of natural love and affection is indeed good for so little in law, that it is not easy to see why it should be called a good consideration &#8230;..<\/span>\u201d\u201d Joshua\u00a0<\/strong><strong>Williams, Principles of the Law of Personal Property 95-96 (11th ed. 1881). :\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\"><\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong>\u201c<span style=\"color: #800000;\">Stated simply, good or meritorious consideration is nothing more than motive or moral obligation.<\/span>\u201d 3 Williston on Contracts \u00a7 7:16, at\u2019 325-26 (Richard A. Lord ed., 4th ed. 1992).\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\"><\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong>2. Loosely, valuable consideration; consideration that is adequate to support the bargained-for exchange between the parties &lt;his agreement to pay the offering price was good consideration for the sale&gt;.\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\"><\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><span style=\"color: #ff00ff;\">gratuitous consideration<\/span> &#8211;<\/span> <\/strong>(1880)<strong> Consideration that, not being founded on any detriment to the party who gives it, will not support a contract; a performance for which a party was already obligated.\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\"><\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><span style=\"color: #ff00ff;\">grossly inadequate consideration<\/span> &#8211;<\/span> <\/strong>(1827) <strong>Consideration whose value is so much less than the fair value of the object acquired that it may not support finding that the transaction is a valid exchange. \u00a2 Depending on the surrounding circumstances, the transaction may actually be fraud, a gift, or something else other than a sale and purchase. . &gt; illegal consideration. (18c) Consideration that is contrary to the law or public policy, or prejudicial to the public interest. e Such consideration does not support a contract. | . Be &gt; illusory consideration. (1827) Consideration consist- ing of a promise to perform a public duty or to perform under a preexisting contract. \u00a2 The promise is unenforceable because the person making the promise was already obliged to perform. See illusory promise under PROMISE. &gt; immoral consideration. (18c) A consideration that so offends societal norms as to be invalid. \u00a2 A contract supported by immoral consideration is usu. voidable or unenforceable. \u2014 Also termed turpis causa. &gt; implied consideration. (18c) Consideration that is inferred by law from the parties\u2019 actions. &gt;\u00bb impossible consideration. (1855) Consideration stemming from a promise or performance that cannot be fulfilled.\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\">\n<div dir=\"auto\"><\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ff00ff;\">inadequate consideration<\/span> &#8211; <\/strong><\/span>(18c)<strong> Consideration that is not fair or reasonable under the circumstances of the agreement.<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\"><\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><span style=\"color: #ff00ff;\">invented consideration<\/span> &#8211;<\/span> (1977) Fictional consideration created by a court to prevent the invalidation of a contract that lacks consideration.\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\"><\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><span style=\"color: #ff00ff;\">nominal consideration<\/span> &#8211;<\/span> (18c) Consideration that is so insignificant as to bear no relationship to the value of what is being exchanged (e.g., $10 for a piece of real estate). \u00a9 Such consideration can be valid, since courts do not ordinarily examine the adequacy of consideration (although they do often inquire into such issues as fraud and duress). <\/strong>\u2014 Also termed<em><strong><span style=\"color: #800000;\"> peppercorn<\/span>.\u00a0<\/strong><\/em><\/span><\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\"><\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u201c<span style=\"color: #800000;\">Offers made in consideration of one dollar paid or promised are often irrevocable . . . . The irrevocability of an offer may be worth much or little to the offeree, and the courts do not ordinarily inquire into the adequacy of the consideration bargained for. Hence a comparatively small payment may furnish consideration for the irrevocability of an offer proposing a transaction involving much larger sums. But gross disproportion between the payment and the value of the option commonly indicates that the payment was not in fact bargained for but was a mere formality or pretense. In such a case there is no consideration&#8230; . Nevertheless, such a nominal consideration is regularly held sufficient to support a short-time option proposing an exchange on fair terms. The fact that the option is an appropriate preliminary step in the conclusion of a socially useful transaction provides a sufficient substantive basis for enforcement, and a signed writing taking a form appropriate to a bargain satisfies the desiderata of form. In the absence of statute, however, the bargaining form is essential: a payment of one dollar by each party to the other is so obviously not a bargaining transaction that it does not provide even the\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><strong><span style=\"color: #800000;\">form of an exchange.<\/span>\u201d Restatement (Second) of Contracts \u00a7 87 cmt. b (1979).\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\"><\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><span style=\"color: #ff00ff;\">other consideration<\/span> &#8211;<\/span> (18c) Additional things of value to be provided under the terms of a contract, usu. unspecified in the contract, deed, or bill of sale, because they are too numerous to conveniently list, or to avoid public knowledge of the total amount of consideration. \u2014 <\/strong>Also termed<strong><span style=\"color: #800000;\"><em> other good and valuable consideration<\/em><\/span>.\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\"><\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\"><\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\"><\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\"><\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong>past and there is a subsequent promise to pay therefor, there is no bargain for such past value. Therefore, it cannot constitute consideration.\u201d John Edward Murray Jr., Cases and Materials on Contracts 427 (2d ed. 1976). <\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\"><\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><span style=\"color: #ff00ff;\">sham consideration<\/span> &#8211;<\/span> Consideration that is of apparent value but not actual value because it does not actually exist or is never actually delivered. \u00a2 Sham consider ation is often used to make a gift appear to be a contracted-for bargain. &gt; sufficient consideration. (17c) Enough consideration as a matter of law to support a contract. \u2014 Also termed due consideration; legally sufficient consideration. Cf. adequate consideration.\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\"><\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><span style=\"color: #ff00ff;\">valuable consideration<\/span> &#8211;<\/span> (17c) Consideration that is valid under the law; consideration that either confers a pecuniarily measurable benefit on one party or imposes a pecuniarily measurable detriment on the other. <\/strong>\u2014 Also termed<strong><span style=\"color: #800000;\"><em> good and valuable consideration<\/em><\/span>; <em><span style=\"color: #800000;\">legal consideration<\/span><\/em>.\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\"><\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong>\u201c<span style=\"color: #800000;\">By a valuable consideration is meant something of value given or promised by one party in exchange for the promise of the other. . . . The thing thus given by way of consideration must be of some value. That is to say, it must be material to the interests of one or the other or both of the parties. It must either involve some gain or benefit to the promisor by way of recompense for the burden of his promise, or it must involve some loss or disadvantage to the promisee for which the benefit of the promise is a recompense.<\/span>\u201d John Salmond, Jurisprudence 360 (Glanville L. Williams ed., 10th ed. 1947).\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\"><\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong>2. <\/strong><em>Parliamentary law. <\/em><strong>The process by which a deliberative assembly disposes of a motion; DELIBERATION. * Consideration begins after the chair has stated the question on the motion; it ends with the chair putting the question on the motion (or on a subsidiary motion that disposes of the first motion and the assembly voting on it). It also includes debate and may also include (among other things) amendment and referral to a committee.\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\"><\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><span style=\"color: #ff00ff;\">consideration seriatim<\/span> &#8211;<\/span> (1875) Consideration serially, whereby a deliberative assembly considers a long or complex motion in a series of readily divisible parts before voting on the entire motion. \u2014 Also termed consideration by paragraph (in which case a \u201cparagraph\u201d means not a literary paragraph but any readily divis<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\"><\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\"><\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong>2. <\/strong>Parliamentary law. <strong>The process by which a deliberative assembly disposes of a motion; DELIBERATION. * Consideration begins after the chair has stated the question on the motion; it ends with the chair putting the question on the motion (or on a subsidiary motion that disposes of the first motion and the assembly voting on it). It also includes debate and may also include (among other things) amendment and referral to a committee.<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\"><\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><span style=\"color: #ff00ff;\">consideration seriatim<\/span> &#8211;<\/span> (1875) Consideration serially, whereby a deliberative assembly considers a long or complex motion in a series of readily divisible parts before voting on the entire motion. \u2014 Also termed consideration by paragraph (in which case a \u201cparagraph\u201d means not a literary paragraph but any readily divisible part of a motion, which may include more than one literary paragraph); serial consideration. \u201cWhen a proposition, motion or resolution has many parts (paragraphs, sections, or clauses), or many articles (as a set of bylaws which is up for revision or amendment), it is best and most prudent that no vote be taken on each separate part. Instead, a single vote covering all its parts should be taken after each of them has been duly considered, amended, and perfected. Seriatim (Lat.) literally means \u2018serially,\u2019 and when applied to several or more parts of a parliamentary proposal or question it means consideration paragraph by paragraph or part by part.\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\"><\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u201c<span style=\"color: #800000;\">Hence, under the doctrine of consideration by paragraph, or seriatim, each part is discussed and may be amended and perfected to suit; then, without putting it to a vote for final adoption, the next part or paragraph is similarly open to discussion and amendment, but is not voted on for final adoption yet; and, in like manner, each additional part is perfected in turn until all the parts of a proposal have been considered.<\/span>\u201d George Demeter, Demeter\u2019s Manual of Parliamentary Law and Procedure 146 (1969).\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\"><\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\"><\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><span style=\"color: #ff00ff;\">informal consideration<\/span> &#8211;<\/span> Consideration without limit | on how often a member may speak to the same question. \u00a2 Informal consideration achieves the same freedom of debate as consideration in committee of the whole or quasi committee of the whole, without the fiction of the assembly resolving itself into a committee. See committee of the whole under COMMITTEE (1).\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\"><\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong>\u00bb serial consideration. See consideration seriatim.\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\"><\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong>3, Something that may be taken into account when\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\"><\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong>forming an opinion.\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\"><\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><span style=\"color: #ff00ff;\">irrelevant consideration<\/span> &#8211;<\/span> (1824) A fact, statement, or other thing that is unrelated to the question to be decided or has no effect on the outcome.\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\"><\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong>4, Hist. A court\u2019s judgment. \u2014 Also termed (in Roman\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\"><\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong>law) consideratio.\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\">\n<div dir=\"auto\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><span style=\"color: #ff00ff;\">adequate consideration<\/span> &#8211;<\/span> a consideration that is reasonably equivalent in value to the thing for which it is given fair consideration : a consideration that is reasonable and given in good faith; specif : something with a reasonably equivalent value that under the laws of fraudulent conveyances is given in good faith in exchange for the transfer of property<\/span><\/strong><\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\"><\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><span style=\"color: #ff00ff;\">good consideration<\/span> &#8211;<\/span> 1 : a consideration based on a family relationship or natural love and affection 2 : VALUABLE CONSIDERATION in this entry \u00a2 When used as defined in sense 1 good consideration is the opposite of valuable consideration. However good consideration is also sometimes used to mean valuable consideration. Good consideration of the kind denoted by sense 1 cannot create an enforceable contract.<\/span><\/strong><\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\"><\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><span style=\"color: #ff00ff;\">new consideration<\/span> &#8211;<\/span> something according to section 6-106 of the Uniform Commercial Code that becomes payable in exchange for the transfer of bulk goods<\/span><\/strong><\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\"><\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><span style=\"color: #ff00ff;\">nominal consideration<\/span> &#8211;<\/span> consideration consisting of a nominal amount<\/span><\/strong><\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\"><\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">past consideration : something that has already been given or some act that has already been performed that cannot therefore be induced by the other party\u2019s thing, act, or promise in exchange and is not truly a consideration<\/span><\/strong><\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\"><\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">valuable consideration : a consideration that confers some benefit having pecuniary value on one party to a contract or imposes a detriment having pecuniary value on the other , _<\/span><\/strong><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\"><\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt; color: #993300; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong>References:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">[1]:\u00a0<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Blacks-Dictionary-10th-Bryan-Garner\/dp\/0314613005\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Black\u2019s Law Dictionary <em>Deluxe Tenth Edition<\/em><\/a> by Henry Campbell Black &amp; Editor in Chief Bryan A. Garner.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">[2]: \u00a0<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Ballentines-Law-Dictionary-Legal-Assistant\/dp\/0827348746\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ballantine\u2019s Law Dictionary <\/a><em><a href=\"https:\/\/reunitethestates.org\/\/?page_id=7679\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Legal Assistant Edition<\/a>\u00a0<\/em>by Jack Ballantine\u00a0<em>(James Arthur 1871-1949).\u00a0\u00a0<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lawyeredu.org\/what-is-a-juris-doctorate-degree.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Doctored<\/a><em>\u00a0<\/em>by\u00a0Jack G. Handler,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.lawyeredu.org\/what-is-a-juris-doctorate-degree.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">J.D.<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 1994 Delmar by Thomson Learning.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">[3]:\u00a0 <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Ballentines-Dictionary-Pronunciations-William-Anderson\/dp\/0686145402\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ballantine\u2019s Law Dictionary\u00a0<em>with Pronunciations<br \/>\n<\/em>Third Edition<\/a> by James A. Ballantine\u00a0<em>(James Arthur 1871-1949).\u00a0\u00a0<\/em><\/strong><strong>Edited by William S. Anderson.\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong><strong>\u00a9 1969 by THE LAWYER\u2019S CO-OPERATIVE PUBLISHING COMPANY.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>[4]:\u00a0 <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thriftbooks.com\/w\/law-dictionary-law-dictionary-4th-ed_steven-h-gifis\/743057\/item\/31608515\/?gclid=CjwKCAiAoL6eBhA3EiwAXDom5mOfomqCBhk6Eg9Xg5gq4NsJ_3EHuPfvpI__fj2msG1XBxlYNSgEtBoCoSUQAvD_BwE#isbn=081202947X&amp;idiq=31608515\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Barron\u2019s Law Dictionary Third Edition<\/a> by Steven H. Hifis (1975, 1991)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p align=\"CENTER\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">************************<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"CENTER\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong>Back to <a href=\"https:\/\/reunitethestates.org\/?page_id=17509\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Promissory Estoppel<\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"CENTER\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong>Back to <a href=\"https:\/\/reunitethestates.org\/?page_id=16705\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Estoppel<\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"CENTER\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong>Back to <a href=\"https:\/\/reunitethestates.org\/?page_id=11644\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>Remedies<\/em><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"CENTER\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong>Back to <a href=\"https:\/\/reunitethestates.org\/?page_id=11519\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Section 3:<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/reunitethestates.org\/?page_id=11519\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>Are you seeking damages, injunctive relief, or both?<\/em><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"CENTER\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong>Back to\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/reunitethestates.org\/?p=12753\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Civil Law Self-Help<\/a><br \/>\n<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"CENTER\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/reunitethestates.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\">Home Page<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\"><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 This page is continued from Civil Law Self-Help &gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; \u00a7 3 &#8211; Which form(s) of relief are you seeking to help remedy the situation? &gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; Legal Terms re: Types of Remedies: &gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; Remedy &gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; Estoppel &gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; Promissory Estoppel: **************************** consideration: 1. Something (such as an act, forbearance, or a return promise) bargained for and &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/reunitethestates.org\/?page_id=17569\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">consideration &#8211; something of value to someone else (may be tangible or intangible) which motivates someone else to do something<\/span> <span class=\"meta-nav\">&rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":17509,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-17569","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/reunitethestates.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/17569","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/reunitethestates.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/reunitethestates.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/reunitethestates.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/reunitethestates.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=17569"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/reunitethestates.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/17569\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":17588,"href":"https:\/\/reunitethestates.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/17569\/revisions\/17588"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/reunitethestates.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/17509"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/reunitethestates.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=17569"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}