{"id":16906,"date":"2018-07-09T18:56:19","date_gmt":"2018-07-09T18:56:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/reunitethestates.org\/?page_id=16906"},"modified":"2018-07-09T18:56:19","modified_gmt":"2018-07-09T18:56:19","slug":"state-action-action-by-state-or-local-government-or-conduct-sanctioned-by-state-or-local-authorities-such-as-the-enforcement-of-a-restrictive-covenant-such-action-may-potentially-violate-a-p","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/reunitethestates.org\/?page_id=16906","title":{"rendered":"state action – action by state or local government, or conduct sanctioned\u00a0by state or local authorities, such as the enforcement of a restrictive covenant; such action may potentially violate a person’s rights"},"content":{"rendered":"
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 This page is continued from<\/span> Criminal Law Self-Help Walkthrough<\/a> >>>><\/span> Types of Crimes and Corresponding Laws<\/a>\u00a0>>>> Color of Law Crimes (Abuse of Authority)<\/a>:<\/span><\/strong><\/div>\n
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state action<\/span>:<\/span><\/strong>
\n(1891)<\/span><\/p>\n

1. Anything done by a government, especially in constitutional law, an intrusion on a person’s rights (especially <\/b>civil<\/b><\/span><\/span>\u00a0rights) either by a\u00a0 government entity or by a private requirement that can be enforced only by governmental action (such as a racially restrictive covenant, which <\/b>requires<\/b><\/span><\/span>\u00a0judicial action for enforcement).<\/b> [1]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

1. In constitutional law, action by state or local government, or conduct <\/b>sanctioned<\/b><\/span><\/span>\u00a0by state or local authorities.\u00a0 Such action may violate a person’s rights under the Fourteenth Amendment.\u00a0 Enforcement of a restrictive covenant by a state court is an EXAMPLE of s state action.<\/b>\u00a0 See <\/span><\/span>Shelley v. Kraimer<\/strong><\/em><\/span>. [2]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

restrictive covenant<\/span>:<\/span><\/strong>
\n(1811)<\/span><\/p>\n

1. A private agreement, usually in a deed or lease, that restricts the use of occupancy of real property, especially by specifying lot sizes, building lines, architectural styles, and the uses to which the <\/b>property<\/b><\/span><\/span>\u00a0may be put.\u00a0 *\u00a0 Some restrictive covenants, such as race-based restrictions on transfers, are unenforceable but do not necessarily void the deed.\u00a0<\/b>\u2014 aka <\/span><\/span>restrictive covenant in equity<\/strong><\/em><\/span>; <\/span><\/span>equitable easement<\/span><\/strong><\/em>; <\/span><\/span>equitable servitude<\/strong><\/em><\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

2.<\/strong> (1978)<\/span><\/span> A promist, usually in a sale-of-business, partnership, or employment contract, not to engage int he same type of business for a stated time int he same <\/b>market<\/b><\/span><\/span>\u00a0as the buyer, partner, or employer.\u00a0 *\u00a0 \u00a0Noncompetition covenants are valid to protect business goodwill int he sale fo a company.\u00a0 \u00a0In employment contexts, requiring the employee, after <\/b>leaving<\/b><\/span><\/span>\u00a0the <\/b>employment<\/b><\/span><\/span>, not to do a particular type fo work, they are disfavored as <\/b>restraints<\/b><\/span><\/span>\u00a0of trade.\u00a0 Courts generally enforce them for the duration of the relationship, but provisions that extend beyond that relationship must be reasonable in scope, time, and territory.\u00a0<\/b>\u2014 aka <\/span><\/span>covenant not to compete<\/span><\/strong><\/em>; <\/span><\/span>noncompetition agreement<\/span><\/strong><\/em>; <\/span><\/span>noncompete covenant<\/span><\/strong><\/em>; <\/span><\/span>noncompetition covenant<\/span><\/strong><\/em>;<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span>covenant in restraint of trade<\/span><\/strong><\/em>; <\/span>promise not to compete<\/span><\/strong><\/em>; contract not to <\/strong><\/em><\/span><\/span>compete<\/span><\/strong><\/em><\/span>. [1]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

1. A covenant restricting or regulating the use of real property or the kind, character, and location of buildings or other <\/b>structures<\/b><\/span><\/span>\u00a0that may be erected thereon, <\/b>usually<\/b><\/span><\/span>\u00a0created by a condition, covenant, reservation, or <\/b>exception<\/b><\/span><\/span>\u00a0in a deed, but susceptible of creation by contract not involving transfer of title to land and by implication. <\/b>20 Am J2d cov\u00a0\u00a7\u00a7 165 et seq<\/span>.<\/b> [2]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

1. A covenant in a deed prohibiting or restricting the use of the property (EXAMPLE: the type, location, or size of buildings that can be constructive on it).\u00a0 A covenant prohibiting the sale of real property to persons of a particular race is unenforceable because it is unconstitutional restrain on alienation.\u00a0 <\/span><\/strong>See <\/span>Shelley v Kraemer<\/span><\/em>.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

2. A covenant not to sue.<\/strong> [3]<\/span><\/p>\n

\nReferences:<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Disclaimer:<\/span><\/span><\/strong> All material throughout this website is compiled in accordance with Fair Use<\/a>.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

[1]: Black’s Law Dictionary <\/a><\/span><\/strong>Deluxe<\/b><\/span><\/a><\/em> Tenth<\/b><\/span><\/a><\/em> Edition<\/b><\/span><\/a><\/em> by Henry Campbell Black, Editor in Chief Bryan A. Garner. ISBN: 978-0-314-61300-4<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

[2]:<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0Ballantine\u2019s Law Dictionary <\/a><\/span><\/strong>Legal<\/b><\/span><\/a><\/em> Assistant<\/b><\/span><\/a><\/em> Edition<\/b><\/span><\/a><\/em>
\nby Jack Ballantine\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>(James Arthur 1871-1949).\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/em>Doctored<\/span><\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<\/span><\/em>by\u00a0Jack G. Handler,\u00a0J.D.<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 1994 Delmar by Thomson Learning.\u00a0 ISBN 0-8273-4874-6.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

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