{"id":15119,"date":"2018-03-05T04:50:38","date_gmt":"2018-03-05T04:50:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/reunitethestates.org\/?page_id=15119"},"modified":"2018-03-05T15:57:26","modified_gmt":"2018-03-05T15:57:26","slug":"alternative-liability-arising-from-the-tortious-acts-of-two-or-more-parties-when-the-plaintiff-proves-that-one-of-the-defendants-caused-harm-but-cannot-prove-which-one-results-in-a-shift","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/reunitethestates.org\/?page_id=15119","title":{"rendered":"alternative liability &#8211;  when a plaintiff proves that one of two or more defendants caused harm, but they cannot prove which one, the burden of proof shifts to each defendant"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 This page is continued from <a href=\"https:\/\/reunitethestates.org\/?page_id=10714\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Civil Law Self-Help Walkthrough<\/a> &gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; <a href=\"https:\/\/reunitethestates.org\/?page_id=11511\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Section 1 \u2013 <em>Torts, Breaches of Contract, and Assessing Liability<\/em><\/a> &gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; <a href=\"https:\/\/reunitethestates.org\/?page_id=7031\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Liability<\/a> &gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; <a href=\"https:\/\/reunitethestates.org\/?page_id=15015\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Types of Liabilities Associated with Civil Law<\/a>:<\/span><br \/>\n<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">**************************<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><span style=\"color: #ff00ff;\">alternative liability<\/span>:<\/span><br \/>\n<\/strong>(1929)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\"><strong>1.<\/strong> <strong>Liability arising from the tortious acts of two or more parties \u2014 when the plaintiff proves that one of the defendants has caused harm but cannot prove which one caused it \u2014 resulting in a shifting of the burden of proof to each defendant.\u00a0 Restatement (Second) of Torts \u00a7 433B(3) (1965).<\/strong> [1]<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"CENTER\"><strong><span style=\"color: #993300;\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">References:<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p align=\"CENTER\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">Disclaimer:<\/span><\/span><\/strong><strong><span style=\"font-size: large;\"> All material throughout this website is compiled in accordance with <a href=\"https:\/\/reunitethestates.org\/\/?page_id=2191\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Fair Use<\/a>.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><b>[1]: <a href=\"https:\/\/reunitethestates.org\/?page_id=5451\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" name=\"sdfootnote1sym\">Black\u2019s Law Dictionary\u00a0<\/a><\/b><\/span><\/strong><em><a href=\"https:\/\/reunitethestates.org\/?page_id=5451\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" name=\"sdfootnote1sym\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><b>Deluxe Tenth Edition<\/b><\/span><\/a><\/em><strong><span style=\"font-size: large;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><strong><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><b>by Henry Campbell Black &amp; Editor in Chief Bryan A. Garner. ISBN: 978-0-314-62130-6<\/b><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p align=\"CENTER\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">*******************************<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"CENTER\"><strong><span style=\"color: #993300;\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\"><b>Back to <a href=\"https:\/\/reunitethestates.org\/?page_id=15015\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Types of Liabilities Associated with Civil Law<\/a><\/b><\/span><\/span><\/strong><b><\/b><\/p>\n<p align=\"CENTER\"><strong><span style=\"color: #993300;\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\"><b>Back to<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/strong><strong><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\"><b>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/reunitethestates.org\/?page_id=7031\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Liability<\/a><\/b><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p align=\"CENTER\"><strong><span style=\"color: #993300;\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\"><b>Back to<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/strong><strong><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\"><b> <a href=\"https:\/\/reunitethestates.org\/?page_id=11511\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Section 1 &#8211; <\/a><\/b><\/span><\/strong><em><a href=\"https:\/\/reunitethestates.org\/?page_id=11511\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\"><b>Torts, Breaches of Contract, and Assessing Liability<\/b><\/span><\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<p align=\"CENTER\"><strong><span style=\"color: #993300;\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\"><b>Back to <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/strong><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/reunitethestates.org\/?page_id=10714\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\"><b>Civil Law Self-Help<\/b><\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<p align=\"CENTER\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/reunitethestates.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\"><b>Home Page<\/b><\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<p align=\"CENTER\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ff00ff;\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\"><b>Like this website?<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p align=\"CENTER\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/wildwillpower.org\/contact-us\/wild-willpower-pac-needs-food-outdoor-gear-a-prius-v\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\"><b>Please Support Our Fundraiser<\/b><\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<p align=\"CENTER\"><strong><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\"><b>or donate via\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/strong><strong><a href=\"http:\/\/www.paypal.com\/\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\"><b>PayPal<\/b><\/span><\/a><\/strong><strong><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\"><b>:<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<h4 class=\"western\" align=\"CENTER\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\"><b><ul class=\"ul-addw2p ul-addw2p-paypalbutton\">\n<li>please set some widgets to show from Appearance -> Widgets.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/b><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.reunitethestates.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/ReUniteTheStates-Card.jpg?resize=474%2C271\" width=\"474\" height=\"271\" name=\"graphics1\" align=\"BOTTOM\" border=\"0\" \/><\/p>\n<p align=\"CENTER\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">Disclaimer:<\/span><\/span><\/strong><strong><span style=\"font-size: large;\">\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.wildwillpower.org\/\">Wild Willpower<\/a>\u00a0does not condone the actions of\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=OglrzNohp3Q\">Maximilian Robespierre<\/a>, however the above quote is excellent!<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p align=\"CENTER\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: large;\">This website is being broadcast for\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.wildwillpower.org\/about-wild-willpower\/a-peaceable-assembly-of-civilians\">First Amendment purposes<\/a>\u00a0courtesy of<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000080;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.wildwillpower.org\/about-wild-willpower\/a-peaceable-assembly-of-civilians\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i2.wp.com\/www.reunitethestates.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/08\/Wild-WIllpower-array-of-greens.jpg?resize=474%2C83\" width=\"474\" height=\"83\" name=\"graphics2\" align=\"BOTTOM\" border=\"1\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"CENTER\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">Question(s)?\u00a0 Suggestion(s)?<br \/>\nDistance@WildWillpower.org.<br \/>\n<\/span><em><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">We look forward to hearing from you!<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 This page is continued from Civil Law Self-Help Walkthrough &gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; Section 1 \u2013 Torts, Breaches of Contract, and Assessing Liability &gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; Liability &gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; Types of Liabilities Associated with Civil Law: ************************** alternative liability: (1929) 1. Liability arising from the tortious acts of two or more parties \u2014 when the plaintiff proves that one of &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/reunitethestates.org\/?page_id=15119\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">alternative liability &#8211;  when a plaintiff proves that one of two or more defendants caused harm, but they cannot prove which one, the burden of proof shifts to each defendant<\/span> <span class=\"meta-nav\">&rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":15015,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-15119","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/reunitethestates.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/15119","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/reunitethestates.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/reunitethestates.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/reunitethestates.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/reunitethestates.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=15119"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/reunitethestates.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/15119\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":15138,"href":"https:\/\/reunitethestates.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/15119\/revisions\/15138"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/reunitethestates.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/15015"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/reunitethestates.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=15119"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}