{"id":14145,"date":"2018-02-17T03:29:58","date_gmt":"2018-02-17T03:29:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/reunitethestates.org\/?page_id=14145"},"modified":"2018-08-16T23:13:56","modified_gmt":"2018-08-16T23:13:56","slug":"fourth-amendment","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/reunitethestates.org\/?page_id=14145","title":{"rendered":"The Fourth Amendment"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 This page is continued from <a href=\"https:\/\/reunitethestates.org\/?page_id=13493\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Criminal Proceedings<\/a> &gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; <a href=\"https:\/\/reunitethestates.org\/?page_id=13643\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Arrest<\/a>:<\/span><br \/>\n<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">********************<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt; color: #800080;\"><strong>Fourth Amendment:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\"><strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 &#8220;<span style=\"color: #800000;\">The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against <a href=\"https:\/\/reunitethestates.org\/?page_id=14065\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">unreasonable searches and seizures<\/a>, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.<\/span>&#8221; <\/strong>[1]<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 To help easily assess whether a warrant was lawfully issued, or a search and seizure was executed lawfully, the following walthroughs have been compiled<em> (includes sections on <a href=\"https:\/\/reunitethestates.org\/?page_id=14100\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">search warrants<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/reunitethestates.org\/?page_id=14191\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">seizure warrants<\/a>, and probable cause)<\/em>.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 18pt; color: #993300;\">Related Terms:<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/reunitethestates.org\/?page_id=16920\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\">curtilage<\/span><\/a> &#8211; the land or yard adjoining a house, usually within an enclosure; it is protected by the 4th Amendment&#8217;s guarantee against unreasonable warrantless searches.<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/reunitethestates.org\/?page_id=16923\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\">messuage<\/span> <\/a>&#8211; a dwelling house together with the <span style=\"color: #000000;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/reunitethestates.org\/?page_id=16920\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">curtilage<\/a><\/span>, including any outbuildings; all protected by the 4th Amendment&#8217;s guarantee against <a href=\"https:\/\/reunitethestates.org\/?page_id=14065\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">unreasonable search and seizure<\/a>.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/reunitethestates.org\/?page_id=14065\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 24pt;\">Search and Seizure<\/span><br \/>\nreasonable or unreasonable?<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/reunitethestates.org\/?page_id=14100\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\">search warrant<\/span><\/a> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">&#8211; a judge&#8217;s written order authorizing a law-enforcement officer to search a specified place. and seize evidence.<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/reunitethestates.org\/?page_id=14191\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\">seizure warrant<\/span><\/a> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">&#8211; allows law-enforcement to<\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/reunitethestates.org\/?page_id=14065\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">seize<\/a> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">particular<\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/reunitethestates.org\/?page_id=7427\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">property<\/a><span style=\"color: #000000;\">, usually believed to be the fruit of a crime or a<\/span>n <a href=\"https:\/\/reunitethestates.org\/?page_id=11903\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">instrument<\/a> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">used to commit a crime; often combined with a<\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/reunitethestates.org\/?page_id=14100\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">search warrant<\/a><span style=\"color: #000000;\">.<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 18pt; color: #993300;\">Related Doctrines:<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"color: #ff00ff;\">open fields doctrine<\/span>:<\/span><\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">(1963)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\"><strong>1.<\/strong>\u00a0<em>Criminal procedure.\u00a0<\/em><strong>The rule permitting a warrantless search of the area outside a property owner&#8217;s curtilage; the principle that no one has a reasonable expectation of privacy in anything in plain sight.\u00a0 *\u00a0 Unless there is some other legal basis for the search, it must exclude the home and any adjoining land (such as a yard) that is within an enclosure or otherwise protected from public scrutiny.\u00a0<\/strong>\u2014 aka <em><strong><span style=\"color: #800000;\">open-field doctrine<\/span><\/strong><\/em>;<span style=\"color: #800000;\"><em><strong> open-fields rule<\/strong><\/em><\/span>.\u00a0 Cf. PLAIN-VIEW DOCTRINE. [1]<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 18pt; color: #993300;\">Origins of the Fourth Amendment:<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Excerpt from Thomas James Norton&#8217;s <a href=\"https:\/\/reunitethestates.org\/?page_id=14147\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>The Constitution of the United States; its Sources and Its Application<\/em><\/a>:<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 &#8220;<span style=\"color: #800000;\">Hallam mentions that in the reign of Charles I the unconstitutional practice of committing to prison some of the most prominent people and searching their houses for papers was renewed.\u00a0 Cooley says that this constitutional provision probably resulted from the seizure (1683) of the papers of Algernon Sidney, which were used as a means of convicting him of treason , and of those of John Wilkes at about the time (1763) that the controversy between Great Britain and the Colonies was assuming threatening proportions.\u00a0 The general search warrant never was considered legal m England after the battle fought by Wilkes.\u00a0 The protection of this clause is not limited to one\u2019s dwelling house, but extends to his person and papers.\u00a0 Many cases have arisen, but the courts have invariably held that no vague or general warrant is sufficient and that the letter of the Constitution must be closely followed. <\/span><br \/>\n<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #800000;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Even under the strict customs laws enacted by Congress, the burden of proof is on the claimant seeking to make seizure, and probable cause must be shown for the act; while the stringent acts of Congress regarding internal revenue require that upon the issuing of search warrants by the district court and the commissioners of courts, the internal revenue officer must make oath in writing that he has reason to believe and does believe that \u201ca fraud upon the revenue has been or is being committed upon or by the use of premises.\u201d\u00a0 An order of court requiring a person to produce an invoice<\/span><\/strong><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"> of goods for the inspection of government officers and to be offered in evidence against him was held an unconstitutional exercise of authority.<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #800000;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 James Otis of Massachusetts became celebrated in 1761 by contesting in court this form of tyranny through the use of Writs of Assistance.\u00a0 The English practice of personal search had become odious in the Colonies.\u00a0 \u201cA person with this writ in the daytime,\u201d said Otis in his argument, \u201cmay enter all houses, shops, etc. at will, and command all to assist him.\u201d\u00a0 Further, he said,\u201c Every man prompted by revenge, ill humor, or wantonness to inspect the inside of his neighbor\u2019s house may get a Writ of Assistance.\u201d<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #800000;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Every day magistrates refuse to issue search warrants because probable cause is not shown or because the oath re<\/span><\/strong><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">quired by this Amendment is not sufficiently definite and<\/span><\/strong><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"> direct.\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #800000;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 An actual entry of the premises is not necessary to a search; a<\/span><\/strong><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"> compulsory production of books and papers for use in evidence against the owner of them was said by the <\/span><\/strong><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">Supreme Court to be a violation of the Fourth Amendment.\u00a0 And an act of Congress requiring a party to produce books and papers, and permitting the Government, in case of his refusal, to assume as true its allegations of what the books and papers contained, was held by the Supreme Court to be void for conflict with this Amendment.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #800000;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u201cThe protection of the Constitution is not, however, confined to the dwelling-house,\u201d says Cooley, \u201cbut it extends to one&#8217;s person and papers, wherever they may be.\u00a0 It is justly assumed that every man may have secrets per<\/span><\/strong><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">taining to his business, or his family or social relations, to which his books, papers, letters, or journals may bear testimony, but with which the public, or any individuals of the public who may have controversies with him, can have no legitimate concern, and if they happen to be disgraceful to him, they are nevertheless his secrets, and are not without <\/span><\/strong><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">justifiable occasion to be exposed.\u00a0 Moreover, it is as easy <\/span><\/strong><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">to abuse a search for the purpose of destroying evidence that might aid an accused party, as it is for obtaining evidence that would injure him, and the citizen needs protection on the one ground as much as on the other.&#8221; <\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #800000;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 In 1920 the Supreme Court held that this Amendment protected a corporation and its officers from an unwarranted \u201csweep of all the books, papers and documents \u201d made by representatives of the Department of Justice of the United States under an invalid subpoena in the hands of the United States District Attorney.\u00a0 Admitting that the seizure was wrongful, the Government contended that it might use the information so obtained to make later a specific demand <\/span><\/strong><\/span><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\">for papers which it was unable to make before.\u00a0 The Court said No.<\/span>&#8221; <\/span><\/strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">[2]<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"CENTER\"><strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">*******************************<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p align=\"CENTER\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/reunitethestates.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">Home Page<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<p align=\"CENTER\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ff00ff;\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">Like this website?<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p align=\"CENTER\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/wildwillpower.org\/contact-us\/wild-willpower-pac-needs-food-outdoor-gear-a-prius-v\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">Please Support Our Fundraiser<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<p align=\"CENTER\"><strong><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">or donate via\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/strong><strong><a href=\"http:\/\/www.paypal.com\/\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">PayPal<\/span><\/a><\/strong><strong><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">:<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<h4 class=\"western\" align=\"CENTER\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\"><ul class=\"ul-addw2p ul-addw2p-paypalbutton\">\n<li>please set some widgets to show from Appearance -> Widgets.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/span><\/h4>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.reunitethestates.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/ReUniteTheStates-Card.jpg?resize=474%2C271\" width=\"474\" height=\"271\" name=\"graphics1\" align=\"BOTTOM\" border=\"0\" \/><\/p>\n<p align=\"CENTER\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">Disclaimer:<\/span><\/span><\/strong><strong><span style=\"font-size: large;\">\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.wildwillpower.org\/\">Wild Willpower<\/a>\u00a0does not condone the actions of\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=OglrzNohp3Q\">Maximilian Robespierre<\/a>, however the above quote is excellent!<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p align=\"CENTER\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: large;\">This website is being broadcast for\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.wildwillpower.org\/about-wild-willpower\/a-peaceable-assembly-of-civilians\">First Amendment purposes<\/a>\u00a0courtesy of<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000080;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.wildwillpower.org\/about-wild-willpower\/a-peaceable-assembly-of-civilians\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i2.wp.com\/www.reunitethestates.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/08\/Wild-WIllpower-array-of-greens.jpg?resize=474%2C83\" width=\"474\" height=\"83\" name=\"graphics2\" align=\"BOTTOM\" border=\"1\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"CENTER\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">Question(s)?\u00a0 Suggestion(s)?<br \/>\nDistance@WildWillpower.org.<br \/>\n<\/span><em><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">We look forward to hearing from you!<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 This page is continued from Criminal Proceedings &gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; Arrest: ******************** Fourth Amendment: \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 &#8220;The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/reunitethestates.org\/?page_id=14145\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">The Fourth Amendment<\/span> <span class=\"meta-nav\">&rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":13643,"menu_order":10,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-14145","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/reunitethestates.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/14145","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/reunitethestates.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/reunitethestates.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/reunitethestates.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/reunitethestates.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=14145"}],"version-history":[{"count":8,"href":"https:\/\/reunitethestates.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/14145\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":16929,"href":"https:\/\/reunitethestates.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/14145\/revisions\/16929"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/reunitethestates.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/13643"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/reunitethestates.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=14145"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}