{"id":13583,"date":"2018-02-10T16:39:34","date_gmt":"2018-02-10T16:39:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/reunitethestates.org\/?page_id=13583"},"modified":"2018-02-18T17:39:06","modified_gmt":"2018-02-18T17:39:06","slug":"independent-source-hearing","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/reunitethestates.org\/?page_id=13583","title":{"rendered":"Independent-Source Hearing &#8211; a hearing to determine whether evidence was obtained illegally, and if so, whether the evidence is admissible"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 This page is continued from <a href=\"https:\/\/reunitethestates.org\/?page_id=13493\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Criminal Proceedings<\/a> &gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; <a href=\"https:\/\/reunitethestates.org\/?page_id=13682\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Preliminary Hearing or Grand Jury Proceedings<\/a>:<\/span><br \/>\n<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">***********************<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><span style=\"color: #ff00ff;\">independent-source hearing<\/span>:<\/span><br \/>\n<\/strong>(1990)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\"><strong>1.<\/strong> <em>Criminal procedure<\/em>. <strong>A hearing to determine whether evidence was obtained illegally, and if so, whether the evidence is admissible.<\/strong> <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\"><span style=\"color: #ff00ff; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>independent-basis doctrine<\/strong><\/span> &#8211; (1970) <em>Criminal procedure<\/em>. <strong>The rule that even if a witness&#8217;s identification o a criminal defendant was tainted by suggestiveness in a lineup, photo array, etc., the identification is nevertheless admissible in evidence if the prosecution presents corroborative evidence that is untainted.\u00a0 <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/reunitethestates.org\/?page_id=13697\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\">fruit-of-the-poisonous-tree doctrine<\/span><\/a> &#8211; evidence derived from an illegal search, arrest, or interrogation is inadmissible because the evidence (the &#8220;fruit&#8221;) was tainted by the illegality (the &#8220;poisonous tree&#8221;).<\/strong> \u2014 aka <span style=\"color: #800000;\"><em><strong>fruits doctrine<\/strong><\/em><\/span>.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/reunitethestates.org\/?page_id=14251\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\">attenuation doctrine<\/span><\/a> &#8211; an exception to the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/reunitethestates.org\/?page_id=13697\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">fruit-of-the-poisonous-tree doctrine<\/a> whereby evidence obtained by illegal means may be admissible if the connection between the evidence an the illegal means is sufficiently remote: the\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/reunitethestates.org\/?page_id=14145\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Fourth Amendment<\/a> violation and the obtaining of the evidence are not causally related.<\/span><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/reunitethestates.org\/?page_id=14257\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\">independent-source rule<\/span><\/a> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">&#8211; an exception to the <a href=\"https:\/\/reunitethestates.org\/?page_id=13697\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">fruit-of-the-poisonous-tree doctrine<\/a> whereby evidence obtained by illegal means is admissible if that evidence is also obtained by legal means unrelated to the original illegal conduct.<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\"> \u2014 aka <span style=\"color: #800000;\"><em><strong>independent-source doctrine<\/strong><\/em><\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/reunitethestates.org\/?page_id=14239\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\">exclusionary rule<\/span><\/a> &#8211; excludes or suppresses evidence obtained via <a href=\"https:\/\/reunitethestates.org\/?page_id=14065\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">unreasonable search and seizure<\/a>.<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/reunitethestates.org\/?page_id=14254\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\">good-faith exception<\/span><\/a> &#8211; an exception to the exclusionary rule whereby evidence obtained under a warrant later found to be invalid (especially because its not supported by probable cause) is nonetheless admissible if officers reasonably relied on the notion the warrant was valid.<\/span><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"text_exposed_show\">\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/reunitethestates.org\/?page_id=13676\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\">inevitable-discovery <span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">(and <em>primary-evidence<\/em>)<\/span> rule<\/span><\/a> &#8211; evidence obtained indirectly from an illegal search is admissible, and the illegality of the search is harmless, if the evidence would have been obtained nevertheless in the ordinary course of police work.<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u2014 aka<\/span><span style=\"color: #800000;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"> <em>inevitable-discovery doctrine<\/em><\/span><\/strong><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">;<\/span><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\"> <em>inevitable-disclosure doctrine<\/em><\/span>. <\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\"><strong><br \/>\n<\/strong> <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ff00ff; font-size: 18pt;\"><em>Dunaway<\/em> hearing<\/span> &#8211;<\/strong> (1983) <em>Criminal procedure<\/em>. <strong>A pretrial hearing to determine whether evidence was obtained in violation of Fourth Amendment protections against unreasonable search and seizure, specifically, whether a defendant&#8217;s statement, especially one to police, should be suppressed because it was obtained after an arrest without probable cause, the prosecution having the burden to show either probable cause or attenuation.\u00a0 *\u00a0 The name derives from <span style=\"color: #800000;\"><em>Dunaway v. New York<\/em>, 442 U.S. 200, 99 S.Ct. 2249 (1979)<\/span>.<\/strong>\u00a0 See PROBABLE CAUSE (1).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ff00ff; font-size: 18pt;\">probable consequence<\/span> &#8211;<\/strong> See CONSEQUENCE.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"text_exposed_show\">\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ff00ff; font-size: 18pt;\">probable-desistance test<\/span> &#8211;<\/strong> (1974) <em>Criminal law<\/em>. <strong>A common-law test for the crime of attempt, focusing on whether the defendant has exhibited dangerous behavior indicating a likelihood of committing the crime.<\/strong>\u00a0 See ATTEMPT (2).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ff00ff; font-size: 18pt;\">probandum<\/span> &#8211;<\/strong> <em>n<\/em>. <strong>A fact to be proved.<\/strong>\u00a0 See <em>fact in issue<\/em> under FACT.\u00a0 Pl. probanda.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u201c[I]n judicial proceedings, the probandum is always a known and definite thing, and thus it always furnishes a definite objective, towards which all evidentiary facts are supposed to point, and around which all evidence can be most usefully arranged.\u00a0 In the inquiries of natural science, the typical situation is that of a piece of evidence having multiple possibilities, with no fixed probandum. e.g., a chemist observes a peculiar and unusual reaction of hydrochloric acid on zinc; he asks himself what possible probandum this points to; there may be many; hence, he may perhaps prefer to classify from the point of view of the evidence, i.e. the reactions of the acid on zinc, iron, lead, etc.\u00a0 But the lawyer and the judge, having always a known definite probandum before them, find it more helpful to classify first from the point of view of the probandum.\u00a0 The probandum is like the magnet applied to a mass of iron filings; it immediately causes them all to align themselves in some position pointing to the probandum; and they can thus be readily sorted and classified.\u201d John Henry Wigmore,<em> The Science of Judicial Proof<\/em> 5 27, at 51 (3d ed. 1937).<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"CENTER\"><strong><span style=\"color: #993300;\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">References:<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p align=\"CENTER\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">Disclaimer:<\/span><\/span><\/strong><strong><span style=\"font-size: large;\"> All material throughout this website is compiled in accordance with <a href=\"https:\/\/reunitethestates.org\/\/?page_id=2191\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Fair Use<\/a>.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><b>[1]: <a href=\"https:\/\/reunitethestates.org\/\/?page_id=5154#sdfootnote1anc\" name=\"sdfootnote1sym\">Black\u2019s Law Dictionary\u00a0Deluxe Tenth Edition\u00a0by Henry Campbell Black &amp; Editor in Chief Bryan A. Garner<\/a>. ISBN: 978-0-314-62130-6<\/b><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><b>[2]: <a href=\"https:\/\/reunitethestates.org\/\/?page_id=9167\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ballantine\u2019s Law Dictionary\u00a0<\/a><\/b><\/span><\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/reunitethestates.org\/\/?page_id=9167\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><b>with Pronunciations<br \/>\n<\/b><\/span><\/em><strong><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><b>Third Edition<\/b><\/span><\/strong><\/a><strong><span style=\"font-size: large;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><strong><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><b>by James A. Ballantine\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/strong><em><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><b>(James Arthur 1871-1949).\u00a0\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/em><strong><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><b>Edited by William S. Anderson.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a9 1969 by THE LAWYER\u2019S CO-OPERATIVE PUBLISHING COMPANY.\u00a0 Library of Congress Catalog Card No. 68-30931<\/b><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><b>[3]:\u00a0\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/reunitethestates.org\/\/?page_id=7679\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ballantine\u2019s Law Dictionary <\/a><\/b><\/span><\/strong><em><a href=\"https:\/\/reunitethestates.org\/\/?page_id=7679\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><b>Legal Assistant Edition<\/b><\/span><\/a><\/em><strong><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><b><br \/>\nby Jack Ballantine\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/strong><em><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><b>(James Arthur 1871-1949).\u00a0\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/em><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lawyeredu.org\/what-is-a-juris-doctorate-degree.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><b>Doctored<\/b><\/span><\/a><\/strong><em><span style=\"font-size: large;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/em><strong><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><b>by\u00a0Jack G. Handler,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.lawyeredu.org\/what-is-a-juris-doctorate-degree.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">J.D.<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 1994 Delmar by Thomson Learning.\u00a0 ISBN 0-8273-4874-6.<\/b><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"CENTER\"><strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">*******************************<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p align=\"CENTER\"><strong><span style=\"color: #993300;\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">Back to <a href=\"https:\/\/reunitethestates.org\/?page_id=13143\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Types of Pleas (criminal law)<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p align=\"CENTER\"><strong><span style=\"color: #993300;\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">Back to<\/span><\/span><\/strong><strong><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\"> <a href=\"https:\/\/reunitethestates.org\/?page_id=13145\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Types of <\/a><\/span><\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/reunitethestates.org\/?page_id=13145\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">Pleas<\/span><\/em><strong><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\"> and <\/span><\/strong><em><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">Pleadings<\/span><\/em><\/a><\/p>\n<p align=\"CENTER\"><strong><span style=\"color: #993300;\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">Back to <\/span><\/span><\/strong><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/reunitethestates.org\/?page_id=6964\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">Criminal Law Self-Help<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<p align=\"CENTER\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/reunitethestates.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">Home Page<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<p align=\"CENTER\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ff00ff;\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">Like this website?<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p align=\"CENTER\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/wildwillpower.org\/contact-us\/wild-willpower-pac-needs-food-outdoor-gear-a-prius-v\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">Please Support Our Fundraiser<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<p align=\"CENTER\"><strong><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">or donate via\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.paypal.com\/\">PayPal<\/a>:<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<h4 class=\"western\" align=\"CENTER\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\"><ul class=\"ul-addw2p ul-addw2p-paypalbutton\">\n<li>please set some widgets to show from Appearance -> Widgets.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/span><\/h4>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.reunitethestates.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/ReUniteTheStates-Card.jpg?resize=474%2C271\" width=\"474\" height=\"271\" name=\"graphics1\" align=\"BOTTOM\" border=\"0\" \/><\/p>\n<p align=\"CENTER\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">Disclaimer:<\/span><\/span><\/strong><strong><span style=\"font-size: large;\">\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.wildwillpower.org\/\">Wild Willpower<\/a>\u00a0does not condone the actions of\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=OglrzNohp3Q\">Maximilian Robespierre<\/a>, however the above quote is excellent!<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p align=\"CENTER\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: large;\">This website is being broadcast for\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.wildwillpower.org\/about-wild-willpower\/a-peaceable-assembly-of-civilians\">First Amendment purposes<\/a>\u00a0courtesy of<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000080;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.wildwillpower.org\/about-wild-willpower\/a-peaceable-assembly-of-civilians\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i2.wp.com\/www.reunitethestates.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/08\/Wild-WIllpower-array-of-greens.jpg?resize=474%2C83\" width=\"474\" height=\"83\" name=\"graphics2\" align=\"BOTTOM\" border=\"1\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"CENTER\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">Question(s)?\u00a0 Suggestion(s)?<br \/>\nDistance@WildWillpower.org.<br \/>\n<\/span><em><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">We look forward to hearing from you!<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 This page is continued from Criminal Proceedings &gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; Preliminary Hearing or Grand Jury Proceedings: *********************** independent-source hearing: (1990) 1. Criminal procedure. A hearing to determine whether evidence was obtained illegally, and if so, whether the evidence is admissible. independent-basis doctrine &#8211; (1970) Criminal procedure. The rule that even if a witness&#8217;s identification o a &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/reunitethestates.org\/?page_id=13583\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Independent-Source Hearing &#8211; a hearing to determine whether evidence was obtained illegally, and if so, whether the evidence is admissible<\/span> <span class=\"meta-nav\">&rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":13587,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-13583","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/reunitethestates.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/13583","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/reunitethestates.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/reunitethestates.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/reunitethestates.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/reunitethestates.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=13583"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/reunitethestates.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/13583\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":14265,"href":"https:\/\/reunitethestates.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/13583\/revisions\/14265"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/reunitethestates.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/13587"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/reunitethestates.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=13583"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}