{"id":13096,"date":"2018-02-05T18:53:56","date_gmt":"2018-02-05T18:53:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/reunitethestates.org\/?page_id=13096"},"modified":"2018-02-15T17:44:12","modified_gmt":"2018-02-15T17:44:12","slug":"statute-a-legislation-aka-act-or-law-enacted-by-any-lawmaking-body-such-as-a-legislature-administrative-board-or-municipal-court","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/reunitethestates.org\/?page_id=13096","title":{"rendered":"Statute – a legislation (aka act or law) enacted by any lawmaking body, such as a legislature, administrative board, or municipal court"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 This page is continued from Criminal Law Self-Help<\/a> >>>> Classification of Various Laws, Crimes, and Punishments<\/a> >>>> Types of Laws<\/a>:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

***********************<\/p>\n

\n

statute<\/span>:<\/strong><\/span>
\n(14c)<\/span><\/p>\n

1. A law passed by a legislative body; specifically, legislation enacted by any lawmaking body, such as a legislature, administrative board, or municipal court.\u00a0 *\u00a0 The term act or legislation is interchangeable as a synonym.\u00a0 For each of the subentries listed below, act or legislation is sometimes substituted for statute.\u00a0<\/strong>\u2014 Abbr. s.<\/strong><\/em><\/span>; stat. [1]
\n<\/span><\/strong><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

1. An act of the legislature as an organized body. Washington v Dowling<\/em>, 92 Fla 601, 109 So 588<\/span>.\u00a0 The written will of the legislative department, expressed according to the form necessary to constitute it a law of the United States or of the state, and rendered authentic by certain prescribed forms and solemnities.\u00a0 In a broader sense, inclusive of an act of the legislature, an administrative regulation, <\/span>or any enactment, from whatever source originating, to which the state gives the force of law. 50 Am <\/span><\/span><\/strong>J1st Stat \u00a7 2<\/span>.<\/strong> [2]<\/span><\/p>\n

1. A law enacted by a legislature; an act.<\/strong> [3]<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Excerpt from Charles Pigott’s A Political Dictionary<\/em><\/a> (1798):<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u201cStatutes. Acts of parliament. The (ex scripta, or, for the <\/span><\/span><\/strong>most part, gradual encroachments upon the liberty of the subject.<\/span>\u201d<\/strong> [4]<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Excerpt from William M. Lile et al.’s Brief Making and the Use of Law Books<\/em> (Roger W. Cooley & Charles Lesley Ames eds., 3d ed. 1914):<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u201c[W]e are not justified in limiting the statutory law to those rules only which are promulgated by what we commonly call \u2018legislatures.\u2019\u00a0 Any positive enactment to which the state gives the force of a law is a \u2018statute,\u2019 whether it has gone through the usual stages of legislative proceedings, or has been adopted in other modes of expressing the will of the people or other sovereign power of the state.\u00a0 In an absolute monarchy, an edict of the ruling sovereign is statutory law. Constitutions, being direct legislation by the people, must be included in the statutory law, and indeed they are examples of the highest form that the statute law can assume.\u00a0 Generally speaking, treaties also are statutory law, because in this country, under the provisions of the United States Constitution, treaties have not the force of law until so declared by the representatives of the people.<\/span>\u201d<\/strong> [5]<\/span><\/p>\n

Related Terms:<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

statutable <\/span>–<\/strong> adj<\/em>. (17c) 1. Prescribed or authorized by statute.\u00a0 2. Conforming to the legislative requirements for quality, size, amount, or the like. 3. (Of an offense) punishable by law.\u00a0<\/strong> See STATUTORY.<\/span><\/p>\n

Various Types of Statutes:<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

affirmative statute<\/span> –<\/strong> (16c) A law expressed in positive terms to require that something be done; one that directs the doing of an act.\u00a0<\/strong> Cf. negative statute.<\/span><\/p>\n

amending statute<\/span> –<\/strong> (1843) A law that alters the operation of an earlier law, often by inserting or deleting words or <\/strong><\/span>provisions of the original text.<\/strong> \u2014 aka amending act<\/strong><\/em><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

antideliciency statute – See antidejiciency legislation under LEGISLATION ( 3).<\/span><\/p>\n

blocking statute<\/span> –<\/strong> (1923) A statute prohibiting a party to request, seek, or disclose economic, commercial, industrial, financial, or technical documents or information that might lead to evidence for foreign judicial or administrative proceedings.\u00a0 *\u00a0 Blocking statutes are subject to treaties, international agreements, and applicable laws and regulations.\u00a0<\/strong> See Socie\u2019t\u00e9 Nationale Industrielle A\u00e9rospatiale v. S.D. Iowa, 482 US. 522, 526 n.6, 107 S.Ct. 2542, 2546 n.6 (1987).<\/span><\/p>\n

codifying statute<\/span> –<\/strong> (1908) A law that purports to be exhaustive in restating the whole of the law on a particular topic, including prior caselaw as well as legislative provisions.\u00a0 *\u00a0 Courts generally presume that a codify<\/strong><\/span>ing statute supersedes prior caselaw.<\/strong>\u00a0 Cf. consolidating statute.<\/span><\/p>\n

compiled statutes<\/span> –<\/strong> (1841) Laws that have been arranged by subject but have not been substantively changed; COMPILATION (2).\u00a0 Cf. revised statutes.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Excerpt from Frank Hall Childs, Where and How to Find the Law<\/em> 12 (1922):<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u201cThe term \u2018compiled statutes\u2019 is properly applied to a methodical arrangement, without revision or reenactment, of the existing statutes of a State, all the statutes on a given subject being collected in one place. The work is usually performed by private persons; and the former statutes, as they were before the compilation, remain the authority.<\/span>\u201d<\/strong> [6]<\/span><\/p>\n

consolidating statute<\/span> –<\/strong> (1886) A law that collects the legislative provisions on a particular subject and embodies them in a single statute, often with minor amendments and drafting improvements.\u00a0 *\u00a0 Courts generally presume that a consolidating statute leaves prior caselaw intact.<\/strong> \u2014 aka consolidating act<\/strong><\/em><\/span>.\u00a0 Cf. codifying statute.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Excerpt from Rupert Cross’s Statutory Interpretation<\/em><\/a> (1976):<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u201cA distinction of greater importance in this field is that between consolidating and codifying statutes.\u00a0 A consolidating statute is one which collects the statutory provisions relating to a particular topic, and embodies them in a single Act of Parliament, making only minor amendments and improvements. A codifying statute is one which purports to state exhaustively the whole of the law on a particular subject (the common law as well as previous statutory provisions). . . . The importance of the distinction lies in the courts\u2019 treatment of the previous case law, the existence of special procedural provisions with regard to consolidating statutes and the existence of a presumption that they do no<\/span><\/span><\/strong>t change the law.<\/span>\u201d <\/strong>[7]<\/span><\/p>\n

construction statute<\/span> – A legislative directive included in a statute, intended to guide or direct a court\u2019s interpretation of the statute.\u00a0 *\u00a0 A construction act can, for example, be a simple statement such as \u201cThe word \u2018week\u2019 means seven consecutive days\u201d or a broader directive such as \u201cWords and phrases are to be read in context and construed according to the rules of grammar and common usage.\u00a0 Words and phrases that have acquired a technical or particular meaning, whether by legislative definition or otherwise, are to be construed accordingly.<\/span>\u201d<\/strong>\u00a0 Cf. INTERPRETATION CLAUSE.<\/span><\/p>\n

curative statute<\/span> –<\/strong> (1843) 1. An act that corrects an error in a statute\u2019s original enactment, usu. an error that interferes with interpreting or applying the statute.\u00a0 Cf. validating statute. 2.<\/strong> See remedial statute<\/em>.\u2014 aka curative law<\/strong><\/em><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

declaratory statute<\/span> –<\/strong> (17c) A law enacted to clarify prior<\/strong> law by reconciling conflicting judicial decisions or by explaining the meaning of a prior statute. <\/strong>\u2014 aka expository statute<\/span><\/strong><\/em>.<\/span><\/p>\n

directory statute<\/span> –<\/strong> (1834) A law that indicates only what should be done, with no provision for enforcement.<\/strong> Cf. mandatory statute; permissive statute.<\/span><\/p>\n

disabling statute<\/span> –<\/strong> (18c) A law that limits or curbs certain rights.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

enabling statute<\/span> –<\/strong> (18c) A law that permits what was previously prohibited or that creates new powers; esp., a congressional statute conferring powers on an executive agency to carry out various delegated tasks.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

general statute<\/span> –<\/strong> (16c) A law relating to an entire community or all persons generally.<\/strong> \u2014 aka public statute<\/strong><\/em><\/span>.\u00a0 See PUBLIC LAW (2).<\/span><\/p>\n

imperfect statute<\/span> –<\/strong> (1847) A law that prohibits, but does not render void, an objectionable transaction. 0 Such a statute provides a penalty for disobedience without depriving the violative transaction of its legal effect.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

interpretation statute<\/span> –<\/strong> See INTERPRETATION ACT. <\/span><\/p>\n

local statute<\/span> – 1.<\/strong> See LOCAL LAW (1). 2. See LOCAL LAW <\/span>(2).<\/span><\/p>\n

mandatory statute<\/span> –<\/strong> (18c) A law that requires a course of action as opposed to merely permitting it.<\/strong>\u00a0 Cf. directory statute; permissive statute.<\/span><\/p>\n

negative statute<\/span> –<\/strong> (16c) A law prohibiting something; a law expressed in negative terms.<\/strong>\u00a0 Cf. affirmative statute.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Excerpt from Joel Prentiss Bishop’s Commentaries on the Written Laws and their Interpretation<\/em><\/a> (1882):<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u201cAn old division of statutes is into affirmative and negative; the former being such as are in affirmative, the later in negative, words.\u00a0 A provision, for example, that it shall be lawful for a tenant in fee-simple to make a lease for twenty-one years, or that such lease shall be good, is affirv mative; one that it shall not be lawful to make a lease for above twenty-one years, or that a lease for more shall not be good, is negative.\u00a0 A negative statute, being in its terms a negation, or denial, of the prior law, repeals it; and obviously this repeal is express.<\/span>\u201d<\/strong> [8]<\/span><\/p>\n

nonclaim statute. (18c) l. STATUTE 0F LIMITATIONS. 2. A law that sets a time limit for creditors to bring claims against a decedent\u2019s estate. 0 Unlike a statute<\/span><\/p>\n

of limitations, a nonclaim statute is usu. not subject to tolling and is not waivable. -Also termed (in sense 2) statute of repose.<\/span><\/p>\n

p organic statute. (1856) A law that establishes an administrative agency or local government. -Also termed organic act. Cf. ORGANIC LAW.<\/span><\/p>\n

> penal statute. (16c) A statute by which punishments are imposed for transgressions of the law, civil as well as criminal; esp., a statute that defines a crime and prescribes its corresponding fine, penalty, or pun\u00ab ishment. -Also termed penal law; punitive statute; criminal statute. See PENAL CODE. [1]<\/span><\/p>\n

1. A statute which defines and prescribes the punishment for a criminal offense.\u00a0 A statute which provides a penalty enforceable in a civil actions.\u00a0 A statute, such as a wrongful death statute, providing for an assessment of damages which reference to the degree of culpability fo the defendant.\u00a0 22 Am J2d Dth \u00a7 5.\u00a0 A statute which imposes a penalty for transgressing its provisions.\u00a0 A statute that im[poses a penalty or creates a forfeiture as the punishment for the neglect of some duty, or the commission of some wrong, that concerns the good fo the public, and is commanded or prohibited by the law.\u00a0 50 Jam J1st Stat \u00a7 16.<\/strong> [2]<\/span><\/p>\n

1. A statute that defines and prescribes the punishment for a criminal offense, i.e., imprisonment, fine, or forfeiture.\u00a0 <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

2. A statute that provides a penalty enforceable in a civil action.<\/strong><\/span>
\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Also see civil penalty<\/em>.<\/span><\/p>\n

3. A statute (for EXAMPLE: a wrongful death statute) that provides for punitive damages.<\/strong><\/span>
\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 See penal action<\/em>.\u00a0 Also see statute<\/em>. [3]<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u201cIt is a familiar and well-settled rule that penal statutes are to be construed strictly, and not extended by implications, intendments, analogies, or equitable considerations. Thus, an offense cannot be created or inferred by vague implica<\/span>tions. And a court cannot create a penalty by construction, but must avoid it by construction unless it is brought within <\/span>the letter and the necessary meaning of the act creating it.\u201d Henry Campbell Black, Handbook on the Construction and Interpretation of the Laws 287 (1896).<\/span><\/p>\n

> permanent statute. See perpetual statute.<\/span><\/p>\n

> permissive statute. (1833) A statute that allows certain acts but does not command them. 0 A permissive statute creates a license or privilege, or allows discretion in per~ forming an act. Cf. directory statute; mandatory statute.<\/span><\/p>\n

b perpetual statute. (16c) A law containing no provision for repeal, abrogation, or expiration. -Also termed<\/span><\/p>\n

permanent statute. Cf. temporary statute (1).<\/span><\/p>\n

> personal statute. (1813) Civil law. A law that primarily affects a person\u2019s cor\u2018ihition or status (such as a statute relating to capacity or majority) and affects property only incidentally.<\/span><\/p>\n

> preceptive statute. (1851) A statute expressing a direct command that is prescriptive, general, definite, and fairly complete. 0 In form, a preceptive’statute is similar to\u2018 a rule.<\/span><\/p>\n

> private statute. See special statute.<\/span><\/p>\n

> prohibitive statute. (1841) A statute that forbids certain acts. 0 An example of a noncriminal prohibitive statute is one forbidding the execution of a mentally retarded criminal because a person who lacks mental capacity cannot understand the reason for the punishment.<\/span><\/p>\n

r prospective statute. (1831) A law that applies to future events.<\/span><\/p>\n

> public statute. See PUBLIC LAW (2). > punitive statute. See penal statute.<\/span><\/p>\n

p quasi-statute. (1848) An executive or administrative order, or a regulation promulgated by a governmental agency, that has the binding effect of legislation.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cQuasi-Statutes. Executive and administrative orders by the government as well as military regulations, while not called statutes, not originating as statutes usually do, are, nevertheless, in force and effect, laws. Copies of general orders and proclamations are issued to the public press for publication, but military regulations may for public reasons be kept private.\u201d Jesse Franklin Brumbaugh, Legal Reason<\/span><\/p>\n

ing and Brienng 223 (1917).<\/span><\/p>\n

1 ,1AL__4.l1n_\\ n:..:1 1–.. A 1-n J -\u2018*~31–nn:or-th<\/span><\/p>\n

real statute. (18c) Civil law. A law primarily affecting the operation, status, and condition of prOperty, and addressing persons only incidentally.<\/span><\/p>\n

> recording statute. See RECORDING ACT.<\/span><\/p>\n

r reference statute. ( 1934) A law that incorporates and adopts by reference provisions of other laws.<\/span><\/p>\n

remedial statute. (18c) 1. Any statute other than a private bill; a law providing a means to enforce rights or redress injuries. 0 William Blackstone defined the term as follows: \u201cRemedial statutes are those which are made to supply such defects, and abridge such superfluities, in the common law, as arise either from the general imperfection of all human laws, from change of time and circumstances, from the mistakes and unadvised determinations of unlearned judges, or from any other cause whatsoever.\u201d 1 William Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England 86 (4th ed. 1770). 2. A statute enacted to correct one or more defects, mistakes, or omissions. -Also termed benejicial statute; curative statute; remedial law.<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

prepealing statute. (17C) A statute that revokes, and sometimes replaces, an earlier statute. o A repealing statute may Work expressly or by implication.<\/span><\/p>\n

r restraining statute. See disabling statute. y retroactive statute. See RETROACTIVE LAW. r retrospective statute. See RETROACTIVE LAW.<\/span><\/p>\n

r revised statutes. (18c) Laws that have been collected,<\/span><\/p>\n

arranged, and reenacted as a whole by a legislative<\/span><\/p>\n

body. -Abbr. Rev. Stat; R.S. See CODE (1). Cf. compiled statutes. \u2018<\/span><\/p>\n

previval statute. (1899) A law that provides for the renewal of actions, of wills, and of the legal effect of documents. 0 A revival statute cannot resurrect a timebarred criminal prosecution. Stogner v. California, 539<\/span><\/p>\n

U.S. 607, 123 S.Ct. 2446 (2003). .<\/span><\/p>\n

, severable statute. (1930) A law that remains operative in its remaining provisions even if a portion of the law is declared untonstitutional.<\/span><\/p>\n

b single-act statute. See LONG-ARM STATUTE.<\/span><\/p>\n

r speaking statute. (2000) A statute to be interpreted in light of the understanding of its terms prevailing at the<\/span><\/p>\n

time of interpretation. –Also termed always-speaki n g statute.<\/span><\/p>\n

special statute. (17c) A law that applies only to Specific individuals, as opposed to everyone. –Also termed<\/span><\/p>\n

private statute.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cIt is ancient wisdom, tracing back at least as far as the Roman taboo against the privilegium, that laws ought to be general, they ought to be addressed, not to particular persons, but to persons generally or to classes of persons (say, \u2018all householders\u2019). Accordingly, a number of American states have inserted in their constitutions prohibitions against \u2018private or special\u2019 statutes. These have given rise<\/span><\/p>\n

to endless difficulties.\u201d Lon L. Fuller, Anatomy of the Law 102-03 (1968).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cDifferences of definition threaten unity of understand ing, and in part these exist because of the lack of proper words. For instance, Blackstone defines a \u2018general or public act\u2019 as \u2018a universal rule that regards the whole country;\u2019 and says that \u2018special or private acts are rather exceptions than rules, being those which only operate upon particular persons and private concerns.\u2019 Note that he seems to treat \u2018general\u2019 and \u2018public\u2019 as synonymous; \u2018special\u2019 and \u2018private\u2019 as synonymous. Yet in each case usage frequently discriminates. Since his time the tendency in England has been to drop \u2018general\u2019 and \u2018special\u2019 in the description of laws, with the result that the word \u2018private\u2019 is applied to many bills not private at all, in the ordinary acceptance of the word. May showed the inaccuracy of the term when he defined a private bill as one that is for the particular interest or benefit of some person or persons, whether an individual or a number of individuals, a public company or corporation, a parish, city, county, or other locality having not a legal but a popular name only. This was an improvement on Blackstone, yet is open to criticism because it does not reach exceptions to general rules that are distinctly not to the interest or benefit of all the persons concerned, but quite the contrary. . . . With us [in BrE] the confu\u201c sion of terms has taken a different direction. We have used \u2018private\u2019 and \u2018special\u2019 indiscriminately, with \u2018local\u2019 as a sort of explanatory sub-title. Were it possible to ordain the use of language (which it is not), a benevolent despot might well try to secure that general-speClal (or general-local) be determined by territorial extent; public-private, by subject matter. Lacking acceptance of such a classincation, Americans may go on thinking that their use of \u2018special\u2019 is better than the English \u2018tprivate\u2019 to cover everything not \u2018general;\u2019 and may justi y their tendency to use \u2018public\u2019 for laws applying indiscriminately to all members of a community.\u201d Robert Luce, Legislative Problems 532-34 (1971).<\/span><\/p>\n

split-level statute. (1980) A law that includes officially promulgated explanatory materials in addition to its substantive provisions, so that courts are left with two levels of documents to construe.<\/span><\/p>\n

> statute of descent and distribution. See STATUTE OF DISTRIBUTION.<\/span><\/p>\n

> statute of distribution. See STATUTE OF DISTRIBUTION.<\/span><\/p>\n

> statute of frauds. See STATUTE OF FRAUDS. > statute of limitations. See STATUTE OF,LIMITATIONS. > statute of repose. See STATUTE 0F REPOSE.<\/span><\/p>\n

> temporary statute. (17c) 1. A law that specifically provides that it is to remain in effect for a fixed, limited period. Cf. perpetual statute. 2. A law (such as an appropriation statute) that, by its nature, has only a single and temporary operation.<\/span><\/p>\n

p uniform statute. A law drafted in hopes that it will be<\/span><\/p>\n

widely adopted; UNIFORM LAW. Also termed model statute; uniform act. Cf. MODEL ACT.<\/span><\/p>\n

> validating statute. (1882) A law whose purpose is either to remove errors from an existing statute or to add pro<\/span><\/p>\n

visions to conform it to constitutional requirements. –Also termed validation statute. Cf. curative statute. [1]<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Compare bill<\/em>.\u00a0 Also compare constitution<\/em>; judge-made law<\/em>; ordinance<\/em>; regulation<\/em>. <\/span>
\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 See criminal statute<\/em>; declaratory statute<\/em>; expository statute<\/em>; penal statute<\/em>; private statute<\/em>; public statute<\/em>; punitive statute<\/em>; revised statutes<\/em>. [3]<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

References:<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Disclaimer:<\/span><\/span><\/strong> All material throughout this website is compiled in accordance with Fair Use<\/a>.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

[1]: Black\u2019s Law Dictionary\u00a0Deluxe Tenth Edition\u00a0by Henry Campbell Black & Editor in Chief Bryan A. Garner<\/a>. ISBN: 978-0-314-62130-6<\/b><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

[2]: Ballantine\u2019s Law Dictionary\u00a0<\/a><\/b><\/span><\/strong>with Pronunciations
\n<\/b><\/span><\/em>Third Edition<\/b><\/span><\/strong><\/a>\u00a0by James A. Ballantine\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/strong>(James Arthur 1871-1949).\u00a0\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/em>Edited by William S. Anderson.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a9 1969 by THE LAWYER\u2019S CO-OPERATIVE PUBLISHING COMPANY.\u00a0 Library of Congress Catalog Card No. 68-30931<\/b><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

[3]:\u00a0\u00a0Ballantine\u2019s Law Dictionary <\/a><\/b><\/span><\/strong>Legal Assistant Edition<\/b><\/span><\/a><\/em>
\nby Jack Ballantine\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/strong>(James Arthur 1871-1949).\u00a0\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/em>Doctored<\/b><\/span><\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/em>by\u00a0Jack G. Handler,\u00a0J.D.<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 1994 Delmar by Thomson Learning.\u00a0 ISBN 0-8273-4874-6.<\/b><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

[4]: Charles Pigott, A Political Dictionary<\/em><\/a> 159 (1798).<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

[5]: William M. Lile et al., Brief Making and the Use of Law Books<\/em> 8 (Roger W. Cooley & Charles Lesley Ames eds., 3d ed. 1914).<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

[6]: Frank Hall Childs, Where and How to Find the Law<\/em> 12 (1922)<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

[7]: Rupert Cross, Statutory Interpretation<\/em><\/a> 5 (1976).<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

[8]: Joel Prentiss Bishop, Commentaries on the Written Laws and their Interpretation<\/em><\/a> 5 153, at 139 (1882).<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

*******************************<\/span><\/p>\n

Back to Types of Laws<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Back to <\/span><\/span><\/strong>Criminal Law Self-Help<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

Home Page<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

Like this website?<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Please Support Our Fundraiser<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

or donate via\u00a0PayPal<\/a>:<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n